Confinement Catalysis with 2D Materials for Energy Conversion.

The unique electronic and structural properties of 2D materials have triggered wide research interest in catalysis. The lattice of 2D materials and the interface between 2D covers and other substrates provide intriguing confinement environments for active sites, which has stimulated a rising area of "confinement catalysis with 2D materials." Fundamental understanding of confinement catalysis with 2D materials will favor the rational design of high-performance 2D nanocatalysts. Confinement catalysis with 2D materials has found extensive applications in energy-related reaction processes, especially in the conversion of small energy-related molecules such as O2 , CH4 , CO, CO2 , H2 O, and CH3 OH. Two representative strategies, i.e., 2D lattice-confined single atoms and 2D cover-confined metals, have been applied to construct 2D confinement catalytic systems with superior catalytic activity and stability. Herein, the recent advances in the design, applications, and structure-performance analysis of two 2D confinement catalytic systems are summarized. The different routes for tuning the electronic states of 2D confinement catalysts are highlighted and perspectives on confinement catalysis with 2D materials toward energy conversion and utilization in the future are provided.