Ji Geng1,2, Wen Liu3, Jian Gao3, Chunhong Jiang4, Ting Fan3, Yang Sun3, Zheng-Hong Qin2, Qiang Xu3, Wenjie Guo3, Jing Gao1. 1. School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China. 2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. 3. State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. 4. State Key Laboratory of Innovative Nature Medicine and TCM Injections, Jiangxi Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ganzhou, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dynamics play an important role in the progressive deterioration of dopaminergic neurons. Andrographolide has been found to exert neuroprotective effects in several models of neurological diseases. However, the mechanism of how andrographolide protects neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains not fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Behavioural experiments were performed to examine the effect of andrographolide in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-PD mice. Mitochondrial mass and morphology were visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SH-SY5Y cells and primary mouse neurons were exposed to rotenone to mimic PD in vitro. Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were performed. The target protein of andrographolide was identified by biotin-andrographolide pulldown assay as well as drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), cellular thermal shift (CETSA), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. KEY RESULTS: Andrographolide administration improved behavioural deficits and attenuated loss of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-exposed mice and reduced cell death induced by rotenone in vitro. An increased mitochondrial mass, and decreased surface area were found in the striatum from MPTP-PD mice, as well as in rotenone-treated primary neurons and SH-SY5Y cells, while andrographolide treatment preserved mitochondrial mass and morphology. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) was identified as a target protein of andrographolide. Andrographolide bound to DRP1 and inhibited its GTPase activity, thereby preventing excessive mitochondria fission and neuronal damage in PD. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our findings suggest that andrographolide may protect neurons against rotenone- or MPTP-induced damage in vitro and in vivo through inhibiting mitochondrial fission.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dynamics play an important role in the progressive deterioration of dopaminergic neurons. Andrographolide has been found to exert neuroprotective effects in several models of neurological diseases. However, the mechanism of how andrographolide protects neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains not fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Behavioural experiments were performed to examine the effect of andrographolide in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-PDmice. Mitochondrial mass and morphology were visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SH-SY5Y cells and primary mouse neurons were exposed to rotenone to mimic PD in vitro. Western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were performed. The target protein of andrographolide was identified by biotin-andrographolide pulldown assay as well as drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), cellular thermal shift (CETSA), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. KEY RESULTS:Andrographolide administration improved behavioural deficits and attenuated loss of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-exposed mice and reduced cell death induced by rotenone in vitro. An increased mitochondrial mass, and decreased surface area were found in the striatum from MPTP-PDmice, as well as in rotenone-treated primary neurons and SH-SY5Y cells, while andrographolide treatment preserved mitochondrial mass and morphology. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) was identified as a target protein of andrographolide. Andrographolide bound to DRP1 and inhibited its GTPase activity, thereby preventing excessive mitochondria fission and neuronal damage in PD. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our findings suggest that andrographolide may protect neurons against rotenone- or MPTP-induced damage in vitro and in vivo through inhibiting mitochondrial fission.
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