The effects of hesperidin on sodium arsenite-induced different organ toxicity in rats on metabolic enzymes as antidiabetic and anticholinergics potentials: A biochemical approach.

In our work, it was purposed to investigate the effects of sodium arsenite (SA) and hesperidin (HSP) administered to rats on some metabolic enzymes including carbonic anhydrase (CA), aldose reductase (AR), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), α-glycosidase (α-Gly), butyrylcholine esterase (BChE), acetylcholine esterase (AChE) enzymes activities in the brain, heart, liver, testis, and kidney tissues of rats. CA activities were significantly decreased in testis, liver, and heart tissues of rats given HSP, SA, SA+HSP-100, and SA+HSP-200 compared to control (p < 0.05). In liver tissue, AChE and BChE enzymes activities were significantly reduced given in all groups. In all tissues, α-Gly activity was reduced given in all groups. In the current study, aldose reductase enzyme activity was reduced significantly in testis, brain, and heart tissues of all groups compared to standard (p < 0.05). PON1 enzyme activity was increased significantly in kidney and liver tissues of rats HSP groups and decreased SA groups compared to control. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: α-Glycosidase is the key enzyme involved in the digestion of the carbohydrate. Another enzyme α-amylase hydrolyzes the α-linked polysaccharide derivatives into oligosaccharide molecules, and α-glycosidase enzymes, which are characterized in small intestine, catalyze the final stage in the digestive mechanism of carbohydrate molecule to release absorbable monosaccharides like glucose. Conforming to the cholinergic hypothesis, impairment of the cholinergic pathways plays a good role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases like depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) problems with the regulation of traumatic brain injury and sleep. The AD is the main reason for dementia disease, and mild to moderate cases are generally treated with AChE inhibitors. Human CA inhibitor compounds are clinically used for more than 70 years as antiglaucoma and diuretics drugs.