Jens Spiesshoefer1, Carolin Henke2, Simon Herkenrath3,4, Winfried Randerath3,4, Tobias Brix5, Peter Young6, Matthias Boentert2. 1. Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology with Institute for Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany, jens.spiesshoefer@ukmuenster.de. 2. Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology with Institute for Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. 3. Bethanien Hospital gGmbH Solingen, Solingen, Germany. 4. Institute of Pneumology, University of Cologne, Solingen, Germany. 5. Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany. 6. Medical Park Klinik Reithofpark, Bad Feilnbach, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The twitch interpolation technique is a promising tool for assessing central drive to the diaphragm. It is used to quantify the degree of voluntary diaphragm activation during predefined breathing maneuvers. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to (a) determine reference values for the level of voluntary activation of the diaphragm using the twitch occlusion technique in healthy adults and (b) explore the association between central drive to the diaphragm and volitional tests of respiratory muscle strength. METHODS: Twenty-seven healthy volunteers aged 26 ± 14 years (18 male) were enrolled. Twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) was determined at relaxed functional residual capacity in response to cervical magnetic stimulation (CMS) of the phrenic nerves. The subjects were then instructed to gradually increase voluntary activation of the diaphragm, and the effects of superimposed magnetic stimuli on voluntary Pdi were assessed. RESULTS: The twitch Pdi amplitude following CMS linearly decreased with increasing inspiratory effort. The resulting diaphragm voluntary activation index (DVAI) during maximal voluntary contraction was 75 ± 15% irrespective of gender or age. Twitch duration, half relaxation time, and area under the curve of superimposed Pdi deflections did not show a linear but an exponential association with increasing voluntary activation of the diaphragm. More than 2/3 of the decrease in the above values was evident after 1/3 of voluntary diaphragm contraction. Forced vital capacity (FVC) was inversely correlated with the DVAI. CONCLUSIONS: Twitch interpolation allows for assessment of central drive to the diaphragm. The maximum DVAI is independent of gender or age, and significantly related to FVC but not to maximum inspiratory pressure or Pdi as direct measures of diaphragm strength.
BACKGROUND: The twitch interpolation technique is a promising tool for assessing central drive to the diaphragm. It is used to quantify the degree of voluntary diaphragm activation during predefined breathing maneuvers. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to (a) determine reference values for the level of voluntary activation of the diaphragm using the twitch occlusion technique in healthy adults and (b) explore the association between central drive to the diaphragm and volitional tests of respiratory muscle strength. METHODS: Twenty-seven healthy volunteers aged 26 ± 14 years (18 male) were enrolled. Twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) was determined at relaxed functional residual capacity in response to cervical magnetic stimulation (CMS) of the phrenic nerves. The subjects were then instructed to gradually increase voluntary activation of the diaphragm, and the effects of superimposed magnetic stimuli on voluntary Pdi were assessed. RESULTS: The twitch Pdi amplitude following CMS linearly decreased with increasing inspiratory effort. The resulting diaphragm voluntary activation index (DVAI) during maximal voluntary contraction was 75 ± 15% irrespective of gender or age. Twitch duration, half relaxation time, and area under the curve of superimposed Pdi deflections did not show a linear but an exponential association with increasing voluntary activation of the diaphragm. More than 2/3 of the decrease in the above values was evident after 1/3 of voluntary diaphragm contraction. Forced vital capacity (FVC) was inversely correlated with the DVAI. CONCLUSIONS: Twitch interpolation allows for assessment of central drive to the diaphragm. The maximum DVAI is independent of gender or age, and significantly related to FVC but not to maximum inspiratory pressure or Pdi as direct measures of diaphragm strength.