Interindividual variation in learning ability in honeybees.

Performance on different cognitive tasks could either be positively correlated in an individual as a measure of general intelligence or costs related to specific aspects of cognition could give rise to specialized cognitive phenotypes. Social living offers the potential for individual specialization in learning and a cooperative group can benefit from a diversity of learning phenotypes. However, there is little empirical data regarding the nature of such interindividual variation in learning abilities in honeybees, a classic model of animal cognition. We tested for the presence of variation in learning abilities in the honeybee, Apis mellifera, and whether any component of learning has an influence on wing damage, a proxy for performance and survival. Our results show considerable interindividual variation in different types of learning abilities. At the individual level, while landmark and olfactory learning abilities are negatively correlated, olfactory learning shows a positive association with maneuverability performance, a measure which in turn shows a positive influence on wing damage, a proxy for survival. We discuss our results in the context of cognitive diversity and specialization in a social group.