Patient experience and reflective learning (PEARL): a mixed methods protocol for staff insight development in acute and intensive care medicine in the UK.

INTRODUCTION: Patient and staff experiences are strongly influenced by attitudes and behaviours, and provide important insights into care quality. Patient and staff feedback could be used more effectively to enhance behaviours and improve care through systematic integration with techniques for reflective learning. We aim to develop a reflective learning framework and toolkit for healthcare staff to improve patient, family and staff experience. METHODS & ANALYSIS: Local project teams including staff and patients from the acute medical units (AMUs) and intensive care units (ICUs) of three National Health Service trusts will implement two experience surveys derived from existing instruments: a continuous patient and relative survey and an annual staff survey. Survey data will be supplemented by ethnographic interviews and observations in the workplace to evaluate barriers to and facilitators of reflective learning. Using facilitated iterative co-design, local project teams will supplement survey data with their experiences of healthcare to identify events, actions, activities and interventions which promote personal insight and empathy through reflective learning. Outputs will be collated by the central project team to develop a reflective learning framework and toolkit which will be fed back to the local groups for review, refinement and piloting. The development process will be mapped to a conceptual theory of reflective learning which combines psychological and pedagogical theories of learning, alongside theories of behaviour change based on capability, opportunity and motivation influencing behaviour. The output will be a locally-adaptable workplace-based toolkit providing guidance on using reflective learning to incorporate patient and staff experience in routine clinical activities. ETHICS & DISSEMINATION: The PEARL project has received ethics approval from the London Brent Research Ethics Committee (REC Ref 16/LO/224). We propose a national cluster randomised step-wedge trial of the toolkit developed for large-scale evaluation of impact on patient outcomes. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

PEARL links together theories of reflection and learning with those of behaviour change (capability, opportunity and motivation influencing behaviour) in a novel framework.

Information from patient and staff surveys will provide insights into barriers to and facilitators of reflective and empathic behaviours.

Observations by ethnographers will provide information about the capability, opportunity and motivation of staff to reflect effectively.

Using co-design techniques, patients, relatives and clinical staff will develop workplace-based interventions for stimulating reflection.

To determine efficacy, the reflective learning toolkit will require testing subsequently in a prospective cluster-randomised clinical trial.

Introduction

Patient and staff experiences provide important insights into care quality, but health systems have difficulty using these experiences to improve care, particularly those related to attitudes, behaviours and culture.1–5 Reflective learning underpins approaches to improving non-technical skills, but the processes by which experiences are translated into reflection, and reflection into behavioural change are not well understood. We present a protocol for developing a toolkit to help frontline staff use patient and staff experiences to promote reflective learning, defined as an experiential process of personal insight development, in which one’s own and others’ experiences produce changes in behaviours.

Patient and staff experiences offer important insights into healthcare quality

Patient and staff experiences offer important insights into the quality of healthcare which complement organisational-level data on processes and outcomes.6–8 Patient experience is an explicit outcome measure in the UK National Health Service (NHS),9 10 and in the regulation of care quality.11 All NHS trusts are required to collect patient experience data through surveys.12 13 Complaints also provide an important data source.14 In the USA patients are surveyed through the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems15 while in Australia health organisations are required to involve consumers in accreditation processes.16

Staff experience also provides insights into care quality: earlier action on staff concerns could have mitigated failings in care.17 18 The NHS staff survey has been conducted annually since 2003.19 Patients and staff appear to share complementary insights into care quality: patient satisfaction is higher in hospitals in which nurses also reported better care quality.20 21 Patient and staff perceptions appear to offer both overlapping and unique insights into safety in hospital.22

Patient and staff experience is strongly influenced by staff attitudes and behaviours

The NHS National Inpatient Survey asks respondents to rate their overall experience on a scale of 0 (‘very poor’) to 10 (‘very good’). In 2017, 50% of respondents rated their experience as 9 or above.12 This indicates that there are substantial opportunities within the health system for ‘learning from excellence’.23 However, ‘good’ ratings by patients (as opposed to ‘very good’) may also disguise important opportunities for improvement.24 A survey by Healthwatch England suggests that half of those experiencing substandard care do not report it.25 Patients who respond to surveys with perfect ratings but with negative free text frequently describe lapses in staff behaviours and attitudes,26 such as communication, empathy, courtesy, consideration, compassion and patient focus. A study of patient-reported safety incidents found that 22% were related to communication failures alone,27 while a systematic review of patient complaints28 judged that one-third were related to staff-patient relationships. This may be an underestimate: at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham local analysis shows that while non-technical aspects of patient care caused 37.7% of all issues raised, they were mentioned in 67.1% of all complaints (data on file). Non-technical issues are also likely drivers of staff dissatisfaction, as demonstrated by the 487 727 respondents to the NHS Staff survey in 2017.29 These data suggest that patient and staff experience, both positive and negative, provides an important opportunity for improvement through behaviour modification.

Patient and staff experience data are not used optimally to change behaviours

Using patient experience to improve care is not a trivial task.30 Lapses in care are usually multifactorial, the product of interactions between the individual and the ‘system’; but from the perspective of the patient, quality is largely about fiduciary relationships with specific individuals.31 Trust boards must contend with the competing priorities of hundreds of quality indicators each month, and may prioritise avoiding falling below a quality threshold rather than achieving higher values of a performance standard once met. A review in 2012 which examined how hospitals had used research from the UK’s national in-patient survey concluded that ‘simply providing hospitals with patient feedback does not automatically have a positive effect on quality standards’.32 Even trusts with a tradition of collecting and using patient survey data may struggle to convert these data into tangible improvements.33 In a study of 50 clinical and managerial staff in three English hospitals, Sheard et al 34 found that the collection of patient experience feedback was a ‘self-perpetuating industry’ conducted ‘at the expense of pan-organisational learning or improvements’; ward staff had difficulty using patient feedback. They concluded that ‘macro and micro prohibiting factors come together in a perfect storm which (prevent) improvements being made’. In a systematic review Gleeson reported that ‘Patient experience data were most commonly…used to identify small areas of incremental change to services that do not require a change to clinician behaviour’.35 Institutional commitment to using patient feedback may not be reflected at the front-line, where single individuals can adversely influence other members of staff.36 Conversely, frontline staff can struggle to get their voices heard at senior levels: one of the recommendations of the Mid Staffs enquiry17 has been to establish ‘Freedom To Speak Up Guardians’ in all NHS trusts to ensure that staff concerns are heard and acted on.37 These findings indicate that changing behaviours requires a change in underlying attitudes at individual, group and organisational levels. How is this best achieved?

Changing attitudes and behaviours involves learning through reflection

Behavioural modification is a key societal preoccupation.38 A large number of techniques exist: a proposed behaviour change taxonomy has so far identified 93 different interventions.39 40 However, evidence supporting the primacy of one technique over another is not strong.41 42 Many interventions involve personal insight development through reflection, but few behaviour change theories express this explicitly. One which does is the capability, opportunity and motivation influencing behaviour (COM-B) model43 which assimilates 19 behaviour change theories into a single framework in which the behaviour of interest has three determinants, each with two subtypes: capability (physical and psychological), opportunity (physical and social) and motivation (reflective and automatic). The automatic subtype for motivation relies on heuristics, is engaged in conditions of complexity and stress and maps to Daniel Kahneman’s ‘System 1’ thinking.44 The reflective component is slower, more effortful and analytical (‘System 2’ thinking). These two subtypes of motivation map to the ‘peripheral’ and ‘central’ routes described in the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.45 46 Factors influencing motivation (particularly the automatic subtype) are summarised in the acronym MINDSPACE: messenger, incentives, norms, defaults, salience, priming, affect, commitment and ego.47 As the behaviour of interest here is reflection itself, we need to consider both the automatic factors which influence the desire to reflect and the more effortful elements of ‘reflecting on the need for reflection’. We consider next how theories of reflection as a behaviour link to theories of reflective learning as a tool for personal insight development.

How does reflection stimulate learning? Kolb presented reflection as a four-stage model: experience, observation, analysis and recalibration.48 Schön described reflection ‘in-action’, and ‘on-action’.49 Others emphasise the importance of an emotional component to reflective learning,50 including the ‘disorientating dilemma’,51 the realisation that there is a gap between desired and actual behaviours. Sandars describes reflection as a metacognitive process that creates a greater understanding of self and situation to inform future actions52: looking back to look forward. This involves a transition from tacit to explicit knowledge,53 in which socially-acquired norms of behaviour54 are modified either through individual reflection or, more powerfully, through group activities.55 The process shares similarities with Broadwell’s four stages of competence56: unconscious incompetence (unaware of problem), conscious incompetence (data received, now being processed), conscious competence (using data to improve or disseminate excellence) and unconscious competence (effortless excellence). Effective reflection appears to involve making this transition, while recalibrating and reinterpreting experience in-action and on-action. We present a possible model linking theories of reflective learning to theories of behaviour change in figure 1.

Figure 1

Conceptual model linking theories of behaviour change to those of reflective learning. COM-B, capability, opportunity and motivation influencing behaviour.

Reflective learning could be deployed more effectively to improve care quality

First described by Dewey in 1933,57 reflective learning is now a mandatory tool in the education of health professionals. In the UK, the General Medical Council and others define reflective practice as ‘the process whereby an individual thinks analytically about anything relating to their professional practice with the intention of gaining insight and using the lessons learnt to maintain good practice or make improvements where possible’. They state that ‘Reflecting on … experiences is vital to personal well-being and development, and to improving the quality of patient care’.58 Reflection is incorporated in all healthcare postgraduate training programmes in the UK, and evidence of reflecting on patient and colleague (‘multi-source’) feedback is required for physicians’ continuing professional development and revalidation.

However, despite the widespread acceptance of reflection as a tool for self-improvement, its utility in enhancing performance is uncertain,59 60 as is the efficacy of using patient experience surveys to promote reflection.61 People are biased towards favourable events and judgements,62 and doctors tend to reject the validity of adverse patient feedback.63 Undesirable information is processed as a threat with physiological correlates, which can impede learning.64 Effective reflection requires the emotional strength and capacity to take a critical view of one’s skills, attitudes and behaviours, which may be lacking among poor performers.65 In the UK, doctors are concerned that honest reflections documented in personal portfolios might incriminate them in a court of law.66

Communication skills training should provide an opportunity for reflection. However, a review of 243 studies of teaching communication skills to medical undergraduates identified only 16 interventional studies and only two of these reported behavioural outcomes,67 making it difficult to determine whether ‘communication skills’ are sufficient, or even if such courses are effective at all. At postgraduate level, the effects of communication skills training appear to be weak or evanescent,68–73 and in one randomised controlled trial were associated with worse depression among patients in the intervention group.74

By contrast, interventions focused on engaging staff in workplace-based activities which improve teamworking,75 insight, patient-centred care and empathy may be more effective and more durable.76–87 The Cleveland Clinic offers short videos on empathy,88 and similar internet-based resources demonstrate how emotion may be engaged to stimulate reflection and promote mutual understanding.89 90 For reflective learning to improve patient and staff experience, it must do so by changing ‘hearts and minds’. This is the focus of our research.

Aims & objectives

We aim to develop methods for using patient and staff experiences to promote effective reflection and patient-centred care.

Specific objectives include:

Developing a programme theory linking experiential feedback to reflective learning and behaviour change.

Establishing surveys for recording patient and staff experience.

Determining attitudes to, and uses of, patient and staff experience data.

Determining attitudes to, and techniques for, reflective learning.

Mapping factors which influence reflective learning to the COM-B model of behaviour change.

Developing and piloting methods for incorporating effective reflection in routine practice.

Outputs

The primary output will be guidance on effective reflective learning, in the form of a framework and toolkit.

Secondary outputs include data on patient and staff experience, how staff use these data to promote reflective learning and how staff propose to include reflective learning in routine activities in the workplace.

Study design

This is a 3 year mixed-methods observational study using patient and staff co-design techniques.

In subsequent research, we intend to evaluate the utility of the reflective learning toolkit in a cluster randomised step-wedge trial.

Participants and setting

Participants include clinical and managerial staff and patients and relatives from the three acute medical units (AMUs) and five intensive care units (ICUs) of three large urban hospital trusts: the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Heartlands Hospital Birmingham and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust (Royal Victoria Infimary and Freeman Hospitals). This will provide access to at least 100 000 acute admissions over 2 years, from which we anticipate surveying around 25% with a response rate of 30%, providing around 7500 returned questionnaires for analysis.

Each AMU and ICU will have a project group, and these will come together as site teams lead by a senior clinician. Meetings will be chaired by a non-executive director. Local project teams will be asked to ensure inclusion of at least two patient representatives. The research will be directed by the central project team which includes patient representatives, clinicians, social scientists, a behavioural psychologist, an educationalist and a co-design expert. Project governance will be overseen by an independent project steering committee.

The study is located in acute and emergency care settings for several reasons: acutely ill patients represent at least 50% of all hospitalised NHS patients, acute illness accentuates sensitivity to staff behaviours, emergency care creates particular demands on the non-technical skills of staff and both environments demand a high degree of multidisciplinary team working. Intensive care units offer a much higher ratio of nurses and doctors to patients than AMUs which provides an opportunity for comparison.

Definitions and programme theory

As stated above, we define reflective learning as an experiential process of personal insight development, in which one’s own and others’ experiences are used to produce a change in behaviours. The PEARL programme theory (figure 1) integrates theories of reflective learning with theories of behaviour change, as described in the introduction, using the approach recommended by the Medical Research Council for the development and evaluation of complex interventions.91 Our target behaviour is engagement in effective reflection, with consequential acquisition of insight, behavioural change and improvements to practice/standards of care. The COM-B model43 will be used to characterise capability, opportunity and motivation to engage in individual and group reflection, and this analysis will inform the development of tools to support the embedding of reflection in practice. This will be facilitated through the use of the PEARL-formatted COM-B diagram (figure 2) as a diagnostic tool. Diverse activities involving reflection in-action, on-action, solitary and group, can be documented in the box to the left of the diagram. The boxes on the right permit recording of facilitators or inhibitors of the three determinants of behaviour – motivation, opportunity and capability – and their subtypes. We will adapt the programme theory in the light of experience as the project proceeds.

Figure 2

PEARL diagnostic framework using the COM-B model. COM-B, capability, opportunity and motivation influencing behaviour.

Methods and analysis

The PEARL project will run for a 3 year period from October 2016 to September 2019. Project workstreams and activities are displayed in figure 3.

Figure 3

PEARL project gantt chart. AMU, acute medical unit; CPD, Continuing professional development; HS&DR, Health Services and Delivery Research; ICU, intensive care unit; SWOT, Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats.

Workstream 1: project set-up

We will establish local site project groups as ‘communities of practice’,92 93 based on our earlier work showing that clinicians disengaged by multiple quality improvement policy initiatives are more motivated when they have professional ownership of the process and when performance feedback is linked to particular patients or events.94 95 Local project groups will include a non-executive trust director, patient representatives and AMU and ICU clinical and managerial staff. Opportunities for feedback and reflection will be identified and local arrangements for project delivery agreed. This includes the process for acquiring, analysing, reporting and benchmarking of data from surveys and local performance and quality data. Local project teams will be asked to hold meetings once every 2 months to review project outputs, encourage team reflection (for example through existing meetings, team briefs and formal reports) and consider methods for incorporating feedback in routine practice.

Workstream 2: experiential data collection

Patient and staff experience data collected routinely in the NHS do not enable responses to inform practice at unit level, and usually do not offer or report free-text responses. Duplication of questions between surveys is common; none simultaneously addresses issues of communication, clinical care, patient safety, satisfaction and response to feedback. We will therefore select previously validated questions across different questionnaires to create a single, parsimonious survey for patients and relatives, and a separate survey for staff. Both questionnaires will be anonymous, paper-based, permit optical character recognition, employ a 5-point scale for rating agreement and offer free-text for additional information. Questionnaires will be accompanied by a reply-paid envelope and covering letter. Survey forms will be returned to the central project team to be digitised, analysed and reported to each trust’s local project lead. Free-text responses will be transcribed and analysed using NVivo. Response rates will be determined from denominator data for each survey group.

Patient & Relative Experience Survey: the questionnaire will be developed from the Family Satisfaction Survey (FS-ICU),96–98 the Adult In-Patient Survey12 and the Friends and Family Test (F&FT).13 The questionnaire will be offered continuously throughout the project to patients and relatives who have spent >24 hours in the AMU, and to all relatives of patients in the ICU >48 hours. Different methods of distribution will be trialled by the individual teams before definitive implementation. Denominator data will be collected from trust admission databases to calculate response rates: a response rate of around 30% is anticipated (target 7500 responses). A covering letter will be provided with the questionnaire, suitably adapted for bereaved families. Performance-importance plots will be derived from the % ‘excellent’ ratings versus the correlation of each item with the overall weighted satisfaction score.

Staff Experience Survey: The aim of this survey is to gain insights into individual, contextual and organisational influences on staff behaviour, and attitudes to the use of patient experience for reflection and improvements in care. Questions will be derived from the following validated questionnaires: NHS Staff Core Survey,19 the Staff F&FT,99 Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture,100 Teamwork and Safety Climate Survey,101 General Medical Council Trainee Survey102 and the Self-Reflection and In-Sight Scale.103 Additional questions will be developed by the central project team to investigate attitudes towards the use of feedback for reflection and the potential for biases related to anxieties about transparency and honesty. Local project teams will be invited to participate in a modified Delphi method to prioritise questions for the final set.

The staff survey will be offered over a 2 month period during year 2 and year 3 of the project. A response rate of 50% is anticipated with a target of 600 staff responses during each round of the survey. Free-text will be transcribed and analysed using NVivo. Results will be collated in unit-specific reports benchmarked against aggregated data for the group as a whole, and where this is available, against national performance reports.

The results from both surveys will be presented to the AMUs and ICUs in the form of standardised reports showing the proportion of respondents selecting each level of strength of agreement with each statement. For the patient and relative satisfaction survey we will provide performance-importance plots which will show the relationship between the level of satisfaction with each item in the questionnaire, and how that particular item influences overall satisfaction. Free text will be encoded for thematic analysis using NVivo, and presented to the staff in each unit. As the main purpose of the surveys is to stimulate reflective learning by the local teams, all free text feedback will be returned to the local teams. If staff are named in this feedback the names will be redacted from the full reports, but made known to the project leads. If allegations relating to patient safety or staff probity were to be made, these will be reported unredacted to the non-executive director chairing the local project team.

Workstream 3: ethnography

This workstream has two phases. Phase 1 will employ site visits, interviews with around 40 front-line and managerial staff and workplace-based observations of up to 5 days per participating site, to describe the current use of patient experience data, to explore options for the feedback of data as part of the reflective learning process and to investigate barriers to and opportunities for workplace-based reflective learning. Phase 2 will focus on observations of co-design workshops, and of the implementation and piloting of components of the toolkit in practice. Findings from both phases will be used to inform the development of the reflective learning framework and toolkit in workstream 4.

Observations and interviews will be conducted by ethnographers (social scientists) experienced in making observations in the clinical environment. Publicly visible information sheets describing the project will be provided in clinical areas. Informed written consent will be obtained for formal interviews. No staff identifiers (other than professional status/occupational group) will be collected. We expect interviews to be approximately 1 hour in duration but appreciate this is likely to vary by individual.

Analysis of data will occur over the course of the fieldwork period. Interviews and field notes will be transcribed verbatim and coded using NVivo. Analysis will draw on elements of grounded theory, in particular, the constant comparative approach104 and will remain grounded in the data. We will use techniques developed through our experience of conducting large scale ethnographic studies to enable us to manage the large amounts of data generated, and to move quickly from data to interpretation. These include regular debriefs and the production of summaries of data by site and across sites, organised by research questions and emerging themes.

Workstream 4: co-design and piloting of the reflective learning framework & toolkit

‘Co-design’ or ‘co-production’ involves service users and providers working together using a structured approach to create improvements.105 Co-design has been used previously in exploring patient feedback.106 We will use an adapted version107 of the British Design Council’s ‘double diamond’ approach, of ‘Discover, Define, Develop and Deliver’ in which the initial problem (‘How to promote effective reflection’) is subject to two rounds of divergent and convergent thinking, first to refine the problem, and second to develop solutions. The co-design workshops will use creative co-production, which has collective making108 as its central approach to ensure meaningful engagement and creative responses from all participants.

Workstream 4 will therefore consist of 13 co-design meetings (table 1). The co-design meetings will consist of four plenary workshops for the whole collaboration over the period of the project; and three local meetings in year two for each local project team conducted on-site at each trust (nine local meetings in total). Attendees will include patients and relatives, clinical staff and the non-executive directors. The co-design elements will be developed in collaboration with the researchers from Lab4Living, the Art and Design Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University. Co-design aims and outputs are shown in table 1. We anticipate that while the teams are becoming established, the process of reflection may be accompanied by release of emotions related to personal experiences. Project team members have expertise in managing emotionally challenging situations, and will ensure that individual experiences are channelled into creative outputs by the local teams. In this respect, reflection will have both therapeutical and educational value for the project as a whole.

Table 1

Co-design meetings

Event	Participants	Aims or activity
Workshop 1	All project participants, central location	Discuss the background to the project and review or modify the proposed methodology
Workshop 2	All project participants, central location	Co-design approach will be introduced to the local project teams
Site meetings 1	Local project team, project core team, design team, meeting at each of the three sites	Describe ‘reflective moments’ – occasions when an event stimulated personal insight development
Site meetings 2		Discuss attitudes to reflection and how habits and preferences shape response to events and the capacity for insight development
Site meetings 3		Discuss reflective opportunities – how reflection can be incorporated in routine activities in the workplace
Workshop 3	All project participants, central location	Structure and content of the toolkit will be provisionally outlined, and a set of candidate prototype interventions (tools and techniques for reflection).
Workshop 4	All project participants, central location	Teams present experience of developing & piloting interventions.

Following workshop 3, local project teams will be invited to develop behavioural specifications for embedding a maximum of three interventions into routine clinical activities. Teams will use COM-B as an analytical tool (figure 2) to identify gaps in reflective practice which can be addressed through these behavioural specifications. The teams will present their experiences of selecting, specifying and piloting interventions in the final plenary workshop 4.

Toolkit development: Outputs from each of the 13 co-design meetings will be documented by the ethnographers and members of the core project team and will feed into toolkit development. The members of the core project team will collate their findings from the co-design meetings and cross-reference them with ethnographic findings from site visits to produce short guidance notes and resource materials under the following headings: Aims of the toolkit, What is reflection?, Why reflect?, How to reflect effectively, Reflection in daily practice, Stimulating reflection in others, Evidencing reflection and Organisational support for reflection. The reflective learning framework and toolkit will be evaluated locally by the participating units. Staff will be asked to offer their views on the specific interventions. This feedback will be incorporated in the final version.

Patient & public involvement

The PEARL project puts patients and relatives at the centre of the research and they were involved at inception in the initial design, contributing as full collaborators. PEARL is a developmental project which uses co-design to develop the reflective learning framework. To develop the framework, patients and relatives from the acute medical units and intensive care units of four hospitals in three trusts will work together collaboratively in 12 facilitated workshops as well as being full members of each local project team. They are helping to design the patient and staff surveys, and have informed decisions about the extent to which patient and public involvements can contribute to this type of co-design process. They are co-authors in publications and will participate in dissemination activities.

Discussion

Patient experience data demonstrate important opportunities to improve the quality of healthcare, particularly those relating to attitudes, behaviours and staff-patient relationships. However, these data are not used optimally by organisations or frontline staff to make improvements. Reflective learning should hold the key to converting experience into action, but there is little evidence about how reflection can most effectively be incorporated in routine clinical practice for individuals and teams.

The PEARL project aims to develop a framework and toolkit to support effective reflection in the workplace. The apparent simplicity of this aim disguises the underlying complexity of the relationships linking the various theories of reflection, learning and behaviour change, as demonstrated in the introduction and in figure 1. These theories show that reflective learning – which has almost achieved the status of received wisdom in medical education – is itself a form of behaviour subject to multiple influences, summarised in the COM-B model. Individuals and groups vary in their capacity, opportunity and motivation to reflect, and to do so in a manner which promotes personal growth. And having reflected effectively, they must then use these insights to drive changes in behaviours at the ‘sharp end’ of medicine as well as at institutional level. It is perhaps not surprising that health systems have difficulty using patient and staff experience data to improve care quality.

Most interactions between patients and healthcare staff are associated with positive experiences. This is an asset in terms of reflection and behaviour modification, for two reasons. First, there are many excellent role models available, and a systematic approach for identifying and learning from them can help others to acquire similar skills. Second, it takes courage and resilience to cope with the discovery of imperfections, and this may be easier if the setting is one which prioritises learning from excellence.23

Emotional engagement is important in engaging people’s attention and in promoting empathy, but not at the price of preventing analytical thinking: the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion provides some evidence for the value of analysis over heuristics in sustained change in attitudes and beliefs.46 It may be easier to accept and improve deficiencies in technical skills than in attitudes and behaviours, because technical issues allow us to focus externally on the tool, while non-technical issues reflect on our inner character and personality, and evidence of deficiencies is therefore more threatening. Models of reflective learning may help to ‘externalise’ behaviours, providing enough distance to allow constructive analysis. The process of self-critiquing may also be made more palatable – that is, enhancing the recipient’s resilience - by focusing initially on positive aspects of feedback.

Potential limitations of the co-design process involve self-selection of participants naturally predisposed to favour reflection rather than sceptics. We will mitigate this by considering reflective personae when developing the interventions. A limitation of the patient survey is that respondents may have difficulty distinguishing locations (for example acute medical units vs ordinary wards). The accompanying patient information sheets will explain the the survey is focused on the initial period of care immediately following admission through the emergency department.

The PEARL project will gather important insights into the ‘black box’ of reflective learning. The framework and toolkit will use patient and staff experience to support workplace-based effective reflection and improvement during routine clinical practice for individuals and teams. Our intent in subsequent research is to evaluate the logic model (figure 1) and the toolkit in a mixed-methods step-wedge cluster randomised trial. The precise form this will take will become apparent in the final year of the project; it will be classed as a complex intervention, and the workstreams described above will test the methodologies to be deployed during larger scale roll-out.

Ethics & dissemination

Implied consent will apply to the return of completed questionnaires. Informed consent will be sought from participants of ethnographic interviews.

Research findings will be submitted for publication by scientific journals and presentation at conferences in the disciplines of patient safety, health services research, implementation science and intensive care medicine. We will also propose a national cluster randomised step-wedge trial of the toolkit for large-scale evaluation of impact on patient outcomes. We will offer this as a resource for national multidisciplinary training programmes through our partner organisations in acute and intensive care medicine, nursing and allied health professional programmes.