Nicla Manzari1,2, Karen Matvienko-Sikar3, Franco Baldoni1, Gerard W O'Keeffe4,5, Ali S Khashan6,7,8. 1. Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. 2. The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. 3. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. 4. Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience and Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. g.okeeffe@ucc.ie. 5. University College Cork, Room 4.119, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland. g.okeeffe@ucc.ie. 6. The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. a.khashan@ucc.ie. 7. School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. a.khashan@ucc.ie. 8. University College Cork, Room 4.11, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland. a.khashan@ucc.ie.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Exposure to prenatal stress has been reported to affect the risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring; however, there is currently no clear consensus. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the existing literature on the association between prenatal stress and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the offspring. METHODS: Based on a registered protocol, we searched several electronic databases for articles in accordance with a detailed search strategy. We performed this study following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). RESULTS: Prenatal stress was significantly associated with an increased risk of both ASD (pooled OR 1.64 [95% CI 1.15-2.34]; I2 = 90%; 15 articles) and ADHD (pooled OR 1.72 [95% CI 1.27-2.34]; I2 = 85%; 12 articles). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that prenatal stress may be associated with ASD and ADHD; however, several limitations in the reviewed literature should be noted including significant heterogeneity and there is a need for carefully controlled future studies in this area.
PURPOSE: Exposure to prenatal stress has been reported to affect the risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring; however, there is currently no clear consensus. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the existing literature on the association between prenatal stress and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the offspring. METHODS: Based on a registered protocol, we searched several electronic databases for articles in accordance with a detailed search strategy. We performed this study following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). RESULTS: Prenatal stress was significantly associated with an increased risk of both ASD (pooled OR 1.64 [95% CI 1.15-2.34]; I2 = 90%; 15 articles) and ADHD (pooled OR 1.72 [95% CI 1.27-2.34]; I2 = 85%; 12 articles). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that prenatal stress may be associated with ASD and ADHD; however, several limitations in the reviewed literature should be noted including significant heterogeneity and there is a need for carefully controlled future studies in this area.
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