Advances in interventional diagnostic bronchoscopy for peripheral pulmonary lesions.

Introduction: The incidence of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) is growing following the adoption of lung cancer screening by low-dose chest CT. Although CT-guided transthoracic needle aspiration has been the standard method to diagnose PPLs, the field of interventional bronchoscopy is rapidly advancing to overcome complications of the transthoracic approach yet maintain the yield. Areas covered: This article reviews the clinical evidence of recent emerging interventional bronchoscopic techniques for diagnosis of PPLs. Expert opinion: Recent advances in interventional bronchoscopy contribute to not only the safety of transbronchial approaches to PPLs but also the higher diagnostic yield. To perform accurate sampling of PPLs, bronchoscopists must select the correct airway, approach the target as close as possible, and confirm the location of the target before sampling. These key steps can be assisted by recently developed technologies. However, it is important for bronchoscopists to understand the strengths and limitations of these emerging technologies.