Caohui Duan1,2, He Deng1,2, Sa Xiao1,2, Junshuai Xie1,2, Haidong Li1,2, Xianping Sun1,2, Lin Ma3, Xin Lou3, Chaohui Ye1,2, Xin Zhou1,2. 1. State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, P. R. China. 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China. 3. Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To fast and accurately reconstruct human lung gas MRI from highly undersampled k-space using deep learning. METHODS: The scheme was comprised of coarse-to-fine nets (C-net and F-net). Zero-filling images from retrospectively undersampled k-space at an acceleration factor of 4 were used as input for C-net, and then output intermediate results which were fed into F-net. During training, a L2 loss function was adopted in C-net, while a function that united L2 loss with proton prior knowledge was used in F-net. The 871 hyperpolarized 129 Xe pulmonary ventilation images from 72 volunteers were randomly arranged as training (90%) and testing (10%) data. Ventilation defect percentage comparisons were implemented using a paired 2-tailed Student's t-test and correlation analysis. Furthermore, prospective acquisitions were demonstrated in 5 healthy subjects and 5 asymptomatic smokers. RESULTS: Each image with size of 96 × 84 could be reconstructed within 31 ms (mean absolute error was 4.35% and structural similarity was 0.7558). Compared with conventional compressed sensing MRI, the mean absolute error decreased by 17.92%, but the structural similarity increased by 6.33%. For ventilation defect percentage, there were no significant differences between the fully sampled and reconstructed images through the proposed algorithm (P = 0.932), but had significant correlations (r = 0.975; P < 0.001). The prospectively undersampled results validated a good agreement with fully sampled images, with no significant differences in ventilation defect percentage but significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio values. CONCLUSION: The proposed algorithm outperformed classical undersampling methods, paving the way for future use of deep learning in real-time and accurate reconstruction of gas MRI.
PURPOSE: To fast and accurately reconstruct human lung gas MRI from highly undersampled k-space using deep learning. METHODS: The scheme was comprised of coarse-to-fine nets (C-net and F-net). Zero-filling images from retrospectively undersampled k-space at an acceleration factor of 4 were used as input for C-net, and then output intermediate results which were fed into F-net. During training, a L2 loss function was adopted in C-net, while a function that united L2 loss with proton prior knowledge was used in F-net. The 871 hyperpolarized 129 Xe pulmonary ventilation images from 72 volunteers were randomly arranged as training (90%) and testing (10%) data. Ventilation defect percentage comparisons were implemented using a paired 2-tailed Student's t-test and correlation analysis. Furthermore, prospective acquisitions were demonstrated in 5 healthy subjects and 5 asymptomatic smokers. RESULTS: Each image with size of 96 × 84 could be reconstructed within 31 ms (mean absolute error was 4.35% and structural similarity was 0.7558). Compared with conventional compressed sensing MRI, the mean absolute error decreased by 17.92%, but the structural similarity increased by 6.33%. For ventilation defect percentage, there were no significant differences between the fully sampled and reconstructed images through the proposed algorithm (P = 0.932), but had significant correlations (r = 0.975; P < 0.001). The prospectively undersampled results validated a good agreement with fully sampled images, with no significant differences in ventilation defect percentage but significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio values. CONCLUSION: The proposed algorithm outperformed classical undersampling methods, paving the way for future use of deep learning in real-time and accurate reconstruction of gas MRI.
Authors: Yubing Tong; Jayaram K Udupa; Joseph M McDonough; Carina Lott; Caiyun Wu; Chamith S Rajapakse; Jason B Anari; Drew A Torigian; Patrick J Cahill Journal: Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng Date: 2021-02-15