Marcelo Ribeiro1,2,3, Alisson Paulino Trevizol1, Rosana Frajzinger1, Ariadne Ribeiro1, Hannelore Speierl4, Luciana Pires3, Maristela Andraus5, Lolita Tsanaclis5,6, Ana Leonor Sala Alonso7, Quirino Cordeiro3, Ronaldo Laranjeira3. 1. Centro de Referência de Álcool, Tabaco e Outras Drogas (CRATOD), Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2. Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 3. Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 4. Unidade Recomeço Helvétia, Associação Paulista para o Desenvolvimento da Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 5. Laboratório Chromatox, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 6. Cansford Laboratories, Cardiff, United Kingdom. 7. Programa Recomeço, Secretaria da Saúde, Governo do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Brazil is the world's biggest consumer of crack cocaine, and dependence is a major public health issue. This is the first study to investigate the prevalence of potentially harmful adulterants present in hair samples from Brazilian patients with crack cocaine dependence. METHOD: We evaluated adulterants in hair samples extracted by convenience from 100 patients admitted at the 48 hour-observation unit of Centro de Referência de Álcool, Tabaco e Outras Drogas (CRATOD), Brazil's largest center for addiction treatment. A cross-sectional analysis was performed with the data obtained. RESULTS: Adulterants were found in 97% of the analyzed hair samples. The most prevalent adulterant was lidocaine (92%), followed by phenacetin (69%) and levamisole (31%). CONCLUSION: Adulterants were widely prevalent in hair samples from crack users treated at CRATOD: at least one adulterant was present in virtually all the hair samples collected. This points to a need to monitor adverse effects in the clinical setting in order to provide this high-risk group of patients with prompt and effective care related to the acute and chronic complications associated with these adulterants.
INTRODUCTION: Brazil is the world's biggest consumer of crack cocaine, and dependence is a major public health issue. This is the first study to investigate the prevalence of potentially harmful adulterants present in hair samples from Brazilian patients with crack cocaine dependence. METHOD: We evaluated adulterants in hair samples extracted by convenience from 100 patients admitted at the 48 hour-observation unit of Centro de Referência de Álcool, Tabaco e Outras Drogas (CRATOD), Brazil's largest center for addiction treatment. A cross-sectional analysis was performed with the data obtained. RESULTS: Adulterants were found in 97% of the analyzed hair samples. The most prevalent adulterant was lidocaine (92%), followed by phenacetin (69%) and levamisole (31%). CONCLUSION: Adulterants were widely prevalent in hair samples from crack users treated at CRATOD: at least one adulterant was present in virtually all the hair samples collected. This points to a need to monitor adverse effects in the clinical setting in order to provide this high-risk group of patients with prompt and effective care related to the acute and chronic complications associated with these adulterants.
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