Renata H Benjamin1, Xiao Yu1,2, Maria Luisa Navarro Sanchez1, Han Chen1,3,4, Laura E Mitchell1, Peter H Langlois5, Mark A Canfield5, Michael D Swartz2, Angela E Scheuerle6, Daryl A Scott7,8, Hope Northrup9, Christian P Schaaf7,10,11, Joseph W Ray12, Scott D McLean13, Philip J Lupo14, A J Agopian1. 1. Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas. 2. Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas. 3. Center for Precision Health, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas. 4. Center for Precision Health, UTHealth School of Biomedical Informatics, Houston, Texas. 5. Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas. 6. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. 7. Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. 8. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. 9. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas. 10. Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas. 11. Heidelberg University, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg, Germany. 12. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. 13. Clinical Genetics Section, The Children's Hospital of San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. 14. Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Few studies have systematically evaluated birth defect co-occurrence patterns, perhaps, in part, due to the lack of software designed to implement large-scale, complex analytic methods. METHODS: We created an R-based platform, "co-occurring defect analysis" (CODA), designed to implement analyses of birth defect co-occurrence patterns in birth defect registries. CODA uses an established algorithm for calculating the observed-to-expected ratio of a given birth defect combination, accounting for the known tendency of birth defects to co-occur nonspecifically. To demonstrate CODA's feasibility, we evaluated the computational time needed to assess 2- to 5-way combinations of major birth defects in the Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR) (1999-2014). We report on two examples of pairwise patterns, defects co-occurring with trisomy 21 or with non-syndromic spina bifida, to demonstrate proof-of-concept. RESULTS: We evaluated combinations of 175 major birth defects among 206,784 infants in the TBDR. CODA performed efficiently in the data set, analyzing 1.5 million 5-way combinations in 18 hr. As anticipated, we identified large observed-to-expected ratios for the birth defects that co-occur with trisomy 21 or spina bifida. CONCLUSIONS: CODA is available for application to birth defect data sets and can be used to better understand co-occurrence patterns. Co-occurrence patterns elucidated by using CODA may be helpful for identifying new birth defect associations and may provide etiological insights regarding potentially shared pathogenic mechanisms. CODA may also have wider applications, such as assessing patterns of additional types of co-occurrence patterns in other large data sets (e.g., medical records).
BACKGROUND: Few studies have systematically evaluated birth defect co-occurrence patterns, perhaps, in part, due to the lack of software designed to implement large-scale, complex analytic methods. METHODS: We created an R-based platform, "co-occurring defect analysis" (CODA), designed to implement analyses of birth defect co-occurrence patterns in birth defect registries. CODA uses an established algorithm for calculating the observed-to-expected ratio of a given birth defect combination, accounting for the known tendency of birth defects to co-occur nonspecifically. To demonstrate CODA's feasibility, we evaluated the computational time needed to assess 2- to 5-way combinations of major birth defects in the Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR) (1999-2014). We report on two examples of pairwise patterns, defects co-occurring with trisomy 21 or with non-syndromic spina bifida, to demonstrate proof-of-concept. RESULTS: We evaluated combinations of 175 major birth defects among 206,784 infants in the TBDR. CODA performed efficiently in the data set, analyzing 1.5 million 5-way combinations in 18 hr. As anticipated, we identified large observed-to-expected ratios for the birth defects that co-occur with trisomy 21 or spina bifida. CONCLUSIONS: CODA is available for application to birth defect data sets and can be used to better understand co-occurrence patterns. Co-occurrence patterns elucidated by using CODA may be helpful for identifying new birth defect associations and may provide etiological insights regarding potentially shared pathogenic mechanisms. CODA may also have wider applications, such as assessing patterns of additional types of co-occurrence patterns in other large data sets (e.g., medical records).
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Authors: Maria Luisa Navarro Sanchez; Renata H Benjamin; Laura E Mitchell; Peter H Langlois; Mark A Canfield; Michael D Swartz; Angela E Scheuerle; Daryl A Scott; Hope Northrup; Christian P Schaaf; Joseph W Ray; Scott D McLean; Han Chen; Philip J Lupo; A J Agopian Journal: Cleft Palate Craniofac J Date: 2021-04-28
Authors: Katherine L Ludorf; Renata H Benjamin; Maria Luisa Navarro Sanchez; Scott D McLean; Hope Northrup; Laura E Mitchell; Peter H Langlois; Mark A Canfield; Angela E Scheuerle; Daryl A Scott; Christian P Schaaf; Joseph W Ray; Omobola Oluwafemi; Han Chen; Michael D Swartz; Philip J Lupo; A J Agopian Journal: J Pediatr Urol Date: 2020-11-12 Impact factor: 1.830
Authors: Renata H Benjamin; Jason L Salemi; Mark A Canfield; Wendy N Nembhard; Cecilia Ganduglia Cazaban; KuoJen Tsao; Anthony Johnson; A J Agopian Journal: Birth Defects Res Date: 2021-02-15 Impact factor: 2.661
Authors: Diego Diaz; Renata H Benjamin; Maria Luisa Navarro Sanchez; Laura E Mitchell; Peter H Langlois; Mark A Canfield; Han Chen; Angela E Scheuerle; Christian P Schaaf; Daryl A Scott; Hope Northrup; Joseph W Ray; Scott D McLean; Michael D Swartz; Katherine L Ludorf; Philip J Lupo; A J Agopian Journal: Am J Med Genet A Date: 2021-03-22 Impact factor: 2.578
Authors: Jeremy M Schraw; Renata H Benjamin; Daryl A Scott; Brian P Brooks; Robert B Hufnagel; Scott D McLean; Hope Northrup; Peter H Langlois; Mark A Canfield; Angela E Scheuerle; Christian P Schaaf; Joseph W Ray; Han Chen; Michael D Swartz; Laura E Mitchell; A J Agopian; Philip J Lupo Journal: Ophthalmic Epidemiol Date: 2020-12-20
Authors: Meredith M Howley; Eva Williford; A J Agopian; Angela E Lin; Lorenzo D Botto; Christopher M Cunniff; Paul A Romitti; Eirini Nestoridi; Marilyn L Browne Journal: Birth Defects Res Date: 2022-03-11 Impact factor: 2.661
Authors: Philip J Lupo; A J Agopian; Renata H Benjamin; Angela E Scheuerle; Daryl A Scott; Maria Luisa Navarro Sanchez; Peter H Langlois; Mark A Canfield; Hope Northrup; Christian P Schaaf; Joseph W Ray; Scott D McLean; Han Chen; Michael D Swartz Journal: Pediatr Res Date: 2021-06-30 Impact factor: 3.953