Synthesis of Porous Si/C Composite Nanosheets from Vermiculite with a Hierarchical Structure as a High-Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Battery.

Silicon nanosheets are fascinating anode materials for lithium-ion batteries because of their high specific capacities, structural stability, and fast kinetics in alloying/dealloying with Li. The nanosheets can be synthesized through chemical vapor deposition (CVD), topochemical reaction, and templating method. After coating with a carbon nanolayer, they exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance. However, it is challenging to synthesize ultrathin carbon-coated silicon nanosheets. In this work, porous silicon/carbon (pSi/C) composite nanosheets are synthesized by reducing the carbon-coated expanded vermiculite with metallic Al in the molten salts. The as-prepared pSi/C nanosheets retain the layered nanostructure of vermiculite, with a thickness of less than 50 nm. The carbon nanolayer serves as the diffusion barrier and mechanical support for the growth of mesoporous silicon nanosheets. The anode of pSi/C nanosheets achieves remarkable electrochemical performance, exhibiting a reversible capacity of 1837 mA h g-1 at 4 A g-1 and retaining 71.5% of the initial capacity after 500 cycles. The process can be extended to the synthesis of the pSi/C composite nanotube by using other carbon-coated silicate templates such as halloysite.