Ali Brian1, Adam Pennell2, Sally Taunton3, Angela Starrett4, Candice Howard-Shaughnessy5, Jacqueline D Goodway6, Danielle Wadsworth7, Mary Rudisill7, David Stodden3. 1. Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat St, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. abrian@sc.edu. 2. Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA. 3. Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, 1300 Wheat St, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. 4. Child Development Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. 5. Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Troy University, Troy, AL, USA. 6. Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. 7. School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Developmental delay in motor competence may limit a child's ability to successfully participate in structured and informal learning/social opportunities that are critical to holistic development. Current motor competence levels in the USA are relatively unknown. The purposes of this study were to explore motor competence levels of US children aged 3-6 years, report percentages of children demonstrating developmental delay, and investigate both within and across childcare site predictors of motor competence, including sex, race, geographic region, socioeconomic status, and body mass index percentile classification. Potential implications from results could lead to a greater awareness of the number of children with developmental delay, the impetus for evidence-based interventions, and the creation of consistent qualification standards for all children so that those who need services are not missed. METHODS: Participants included children (N = 580, 296 girls) aged 3-6 years (Mage = 4.97, standard deviation = 0.75) from a multi-state sample. Motor competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition and the 25th and 5th percentiles were identified as developmental delay-related cutoffs. RESULTS: For both Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition subscales, approximately 77% of the entire sample qualified as at risk for developmental delay (≤ 25th percentile), while 30% of the entire sample were at or below 5th percentile. All groups (e.g., sex, race, socioeconomic status) were prone to developmental delay. Raw object control scores differed by sex. CONCLUSIONS: Developmental delay in motor competence is an emerging epidemic that needs to be systematically acknowledged and addressed in the USA. By shifting norms based upon current data, there may be a lower standard of "typical development" that may have profound effects on factors that support long-term health.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Developmental delay in motor competence may limit a child's ability to successfully participate in structured and informal learning/social opportunities that are critical to holistic development. Current motor competence levels in the USA are relatively unknown. The purposes of this study were to explore motor competence levels of US children aged 3-6 years, report percentages of children demonstrating developmental delay, and investigate both within and across childcare site predictors of motor competence, including sex, race, geographic region, socioeconomic status, and body mass index percentile classification. Potential implications from results could lead to a greater awareness of the number of children with developmental delay, the impetus for evidence-based interventions, and the creation of consistent qualification standards for all children so that those who need services are not missed. METHODS:Participants included children (N = 580, 296 girls) aged 3-6 years (Mage = 4.97, standard deviation = 0.75) from a multi-state sample. Motor competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition and the 25th and 5th percentiles were identified as developmental delay-related cutoffs. RESULTS: For both Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition subscales, approximately 77% of the entire sample qualified as at risk for developmental delay (≤ 25th percentile), while 30% of the entire sample were at or below 5th percentile. All groups (e.g., sex, race, socioeconomic status) were prone to developmental delay. Raw object control scores differed by sex. CONCLUSIONS: Developmental delay in motor competence is an emerging epidemic that needs to be systematically acknowledged and addressed in the USA. By shifting norms based upon current data, there may be a lower standard of "typical development" that may have profound effects on factors that support long-term health.
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