Review of the Literature on the Costs Associated With Acute Kidney Injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) develops in 8% to 16% of hospital admissions. These patients exhibit a 4- to 10-fold increase in mortality and prolonged hospital stays. There is a dearth of information on the economics of AKI, especially in critically ill patients whose health-care costs are already high. It is important that pharmacists understand the economic impact of AKI to optimally prevent and treat AKI occurrence, thus reducing total hospital costs. Authors used MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar searches up to April 2019. Inpatient AKI affects an estimated 498 000 patients in the United States with its annual cost from $4.7 to $24.0 billion. Average patient costs of AKI in the intensive care unit are generally double than those of non-AKI patients. High AKI severity portends a higher cost. Total hospital costs in patients with AKI ranged from $29 700 in cardiac surgery patients to $80 400 in cardiogenic shock. Incremental increases of cost range from $9400 in major surgery patients and up to $81 000 in nonsurviving dialysis patients. The enormity of the clinical and economic impact of AKI should be a call to action by pharmacists to expeditiously select patient-specific therapies to prevent and treat AKI, and thus reduce its economic burden on an already fragile health-care system.