Kimberly G Blumenthal1, Emily M Huebner2, Aleena Banerji3, Aidan A Long4, Nate Gross5, Neena Kapoor6, Daniel M Blumenthal7. 1. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. Electronic address: kblumenthal@mgh.harvard.edu. 2. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Mass. 3. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. 4. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass. 5. Doximity, San Francisco, Calif. 6. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass. 7. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Devoted Health, Waltham, Mass.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Female physicians are significantly less likely than male physicians to be full professors, even after accounting for age, experience, specialty, and measures of research and clinical productivity. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate sex differences in academic rank in the allergy and immunology workforce. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional physician data set containing the allergist's sex, age, years since residency, faculty appointment, authored publications, National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding, clinical trial investigation, and Medicare reimbursement to investigate sex differences in the academic allergy and immunology workforce using multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS: Among 507 academic allergists (9.3% of practicing US allergists in 2014), 323 (63.7%) were men, and 184 (36.3%) were women. Female allergists were younger (47.9 vs 56.9 years, P < .001), had fewer total (12.5 vs 28.7, P < .001) and first/last author (8.0 vs 21.5, P < .001) average publications, were less likely to have NIH funding (13.0% vs 23.5%, P = .004), were less frequently a clinical trial investigator (10.3% vs 16.1%, P = .07), and generated less average annual Medicare revenue ($44,000 vs $23,000, P = .10). Of 152 (30.0%) full professors, 126 (82.9%) were male, and 26 (17.0%) were female. After multivariable adjustment, rates of full professorship among female and male allergists were not significantly different (absolute adjusted difference for female vs male allergists, 6.0%; 95% CI, -8.3% to 20.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Among allergists with US medical school faculty appointments, men and women were similarly likely to be full professors after accounting for factors influencing promotion. Underlying differences in research productivity and NIH funding not explained by age differences alone warrant additional investigation.
BACKGROUND: Female physicians are significantly less likely than male physicians to be full professors, even after accounting for age, experience, specialty, and measures of research and clinical productivity. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate sex differences in academic rank in the allergy and immunology workforce. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional physician data set containing the allergist's sex, age, years since residency, faculty appointment, authored publications, National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding, clinical trial investigation, and Medicare reimbursement to investigate sex differences in the academic allergy and immunology workforce using multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS: Among 507 academic allergists (9.3% of practicing US allergists in 2014), 323 (63.7%) were men, and 184 (36.3%) were women. Female allergists were younger (47.9 vs 56.9 years, P < .001), had fewer total (12.5 vs 28.7, P < .001) and first/last author (8.0 vs 21.5, P < .001) average publications, were less likely to have NIH funding (13.0% vs 23.5%, P = .004), were less frequently a clinical trial investigator (10.3% vs 16.1%, P = .07), and generated less average annual Medicare revenue ($44,000 vs $23,000, P = .10). Of 152 (30.0%) full professors, 126 (82.9%) were male, and 26 (17.0%) were female. After multivariable adjustment, rates of full professorship among female and male allergists were not significantly different (absolute adjusted difference for female vs male allergists, 6.0%; 95% CI, -8.3% to 20.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Among allergists with US medical school faculty appointments, men and women were similarly likely to be full professors after accounting for factors influencing promotion. Underlying differences in research productivity and NIH funding not explained by age differences alone warrant additional investigation.
Authors: Rishi Trikha; Thomas E Olson; Ameen Chaudry; Chad R Ishmael; Cristina Villalpando; Clark J Chen; Kellyn R Hori; Nicholas M Bernthal Journal: World J Orthop Date: 2022-02-18
Authors: Victoria R Dimitriades; Alexandra F Freeman; Sarah E Henrickson; Roshini S Abraham Journal: Front Pediatr Date: 2022-03-29 Impact factor: 3.418