Exposure to Mental Load and Psychosocial Risks in Kindergarten Teachers.

INTRODUCTION: Published research studies in Central Europe have been mostly oriented toward occupational stress among schoolteachers. The aim of this study is to investigate the level of occupational stress in kindergarten teachers and to specify psychosocial risks associated with their work.
METHODS: The study was conducted by using a Meister questionnaire and a Psychosocial risk questionnaire. The data collection was obtained from kindergarten teachers in 2017. The survey link with request was sent to participants via email. A total 287 questionnaires from 67 kindergarten schools were collected.
RESULTS: 192 (66.9%) teachers perceived their work as mentally burdensome. Teachers who perceived their work as mentally non-burdening were more likely to report autonomy in their work (p=0.001), fair performance evaluation (p=0.010), sufficient family time (p=0.005), a health-protected workplace (p=0.000) and absence of violence and bullying (p=0.042). Teachers with a university degree perceiving work as mentally burdensome reported that their work was not adequately assessed (p=0.034). Teachers over 45 years of age with school practice of over 20 years reported injustice in evaluating work performance against younger colleagues (p=0.000).
CONCLUSION: Kindergarten teachers reported overloading, time pressure, and high responsibility, but considered their work interesting. However, changing the way teachers work in schools can reduce teacher resignation and improve teachers' well-being.

Introduction

The evaluation and revealing of occupational stress has a crucial preventing role in securing health and safety in the workplace. Teaching is an occupation that high demands in terms of mental and emotional workload. Work-related stress in the education sector is on the rise due to higher job requirements and personal demands (1). Also, many unfavourable characteristics are linked to the teaching profession (e.g. a higher proportion of female, retired teachers; a lower percentage of graduates, who want to become teachers) (2). Teachers’ mental health is affected by cumulative effects of stressors on micro (occur on daily basis, e.g. life-changing events, daily hassles) and macro level (occur at the level of social system above the individual). Therefore, exhaustion and overload in teachers predict a higher risk of burnout (3).

Teachers without the emotional resources to cope with job stressors have a poorer well-being with possible negative outcomes (e.g. fatigue, absenteeism, poor health or turnover) (4). Teacher stress has a strong research base, but many published studies have been strongly oriented toward primary and secondary school teachers. Unfortunately, there are very few studies in Slovakia regarding analysis of work-related stress among kindergarten teachers.

Long-term occupational stress is associated with a number of health issues (5); potential outcomes also include absenteeism from work and, thus, financial losses (6). Teaching is a helping profession that is associated with higher job demands for mental abilities, communication skills, and social interaction (7). Teachers’ occupational stress is a worldwide phenomenon that includes various stress sources (8). Unattractiveness of the profession, feminisation of the teaching profession, low salary, and inappropriate working conditions are the most common problems the teaching profession in Slovakia faces. Issues with the distribution of work tasks, the demands of communication skills, increased emotional regulation and professionalism in all areas have resulted in a decrease of teacher numbers (9).

The aim of this article is to investigate the level of occupational stress in kindergarten teachers and to specify the psychosocial risks associated with their work.

Methods

Accordingly, to the school database in Slovakia a total of 335 public, private and Catholic kindergartens and 2005 kindergarten teachers in the Žilina region were registered in 2017 (10). A cross-sectional epidemiological design of study was used. The survey was conducted by sending consent forms via email with a link requesting for the questionnaires to be completed. Internet-based survey is a modern scientific methodology for health-related research that includes many advantages (e.g. gathering data, anonymity of respondents). The survey was anonymous, and attendance was optional. The survey invitation was randomly sent to every other kindergarten school. It was sent to 168 from a total of 335 kindergartens in the Žilina region. 49 kindergartens refused to participate due to personal reasons (e.g. kindergarten school reconstruction). In total, 67 kindergartens (56.3%) were interested in participating and completed questionnaires; 52 kindergartens school did not complete questionnaires. 297 completed questionnaires were received (287 women and 10 men). Considering only a few men are employed at kindergarten schools, we decided to include an analysis of women only. The data was obtained from March to October 2017. Selected socio-demographics characteristics included gender, age, education level achieved and years of experience. Perceived individual-level of occupational stress was assessed by a Meister questionnaire and a modified questionnaire of psychosocial risks. The Meister questionnaire provides mental load evaluation among discrepant occupations. A Slovak version of the questionnaire is validated and approved by the Slovak Ministry of Health (11). Modifications of the questionnaire were also adapted in Central European countries, e.g. in the Czech Republic and Poland (12, 13). Both versions were characterized by acceptable accuracy and internal consistency rates (Cronbach Alpha >0.77) (12, 14).

The Meister questionnaire determines three dimensions (subscales) of mental load (Overload, Monotony and Unspecific Load). Mental load consists of 10 closed items, including different characteristics of work (Time pressure, Low satisfaction, Great responsibility, Dull work, Problems and conflicts, Monotony, Nervousness, Oversaturation, Fatigue, Long-lasting load). A statistical evaluation of the results employs the calculation of the medians for items found to express the measure of agreement/disagreement on the 5-grade scale (1, 2, 3, 4, 5; “1 – strongly disagree”; “2 – mildly disagree”; “3 – neutral”; “4 – mildly agree”; “5 – strongly agree”). Results can be analysed based on an individual or group level. Median values of dimensions can be compared with normalized values proposed by Židková (14) (evaluation method is accessible on https://zdenkazidkova-psvz.webnode.cz/metody/)

A psychosocial risks questionnaire was developed and approved by the National Institute of Public Health in Prague (NIPH) in 2012. The questionnaire consists of 10 close-ended questions with a dichotomous scale (yes/ no). The Czech version is accessible on http://www.szu.cz/tema/pracovni-prostredi/kampan-slic-psychosocialnirizika-na-pracovisti?lang=1 (15). The survey tool was created due to the participation of the Czech Republic in the SLIC campaign conducted by EU-OSHA (16, 17). Inspectors realized that surveillance at workplaces on a national level by using Psychosocial risks questionnaire. The questionnaire is in certification progress by NIPH in Prague. The Slovak version was characterized by acceptable reliability measured by split-half reliability (0.62). The internal consistency was 0.69, measured by Kuder-Richardson 20.

The average and median were calculated to make further comparison of our results with Meister population norms (14). Relative variables (%) were calculated to interpret psychosocial risks. Subsequently, according to teachers’ perception of their own work (Meister questionnaire item: “My work is mentally so demanding that it probably can’t be done for years with the same performance”), they were divided in two categories (mentally demanding; not mentally demanding). The general linear model (t-test) and non-linear (Chi-square test) were employed. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS-24; the results of all the tests were considered sta¬tistically significant whenever their p-value was lower than 0.05.

Results

The sample size included 287 kindergarten teachers. The largest group of respondents was aged 45 and older (Table 1). Over 50% of kindergarten teachers reached higher education (n=161; 56.1%). Also, a substantial number of kindergarten teachers had twenty or more years of experience (n=147; 51.2%). A significant proportion of teachers with middle education were older than 45 years. In contrast, more teachers with higher education worked for less than 20 years.

Table 1

Kindergarten teachers – demographic characteristics.

		Total (N=287) N (%)	Middle education (N=126) N (%)	Higher education (N=161) N (%)	p value
Age	<35 years	72 (25.1)	17 (13.5)	55 (34.2)
	35 – 45 years	73 (25.4)	21 (16.7)	52 (32.3)	0.0001a
	>45 years	142 (49.5)	88 (69.8)	54 (33.5)
Years of experience	<20 years	140 (48.8)	33 (26.2)	107 (66.5)
	>20 years	147 (51.2)	93 (73.8)	54 (33.5)	0.0001a

*p<0.05 (chi-square test)

A Meister individual analysis is shown in Table 2A and an evaluation of each question is shown in Table 2B. Results showed that 123 teachers (42.8%) reached the 3rd degree of workload, while 246 (85.7%) kindergarten teachers felt overloaded from work. According to Meister, the possibility of health consequences in this degree of load cannot be excluded. Table 2B shows that critical limits of medians were exceeded in overloading factor. Meister’s analysis also demonstrates that kindergarten teachers negatively perceived lack of time, great responsibility, problems and conflicts at work and fatigue. Moreover, these sources of stress mostly caused them performance decrease and bad feelings about their work as well. Monotony of work and unspecific stress response were reported mostly positive, thus, it occurred in their work sporadically.

Table 2

Meister questionnaire evaluation (Kindergarten teachers N=287).

Table 2A. Individual items analysis – degree of workload.

Degree of workload	I. Overloading		II. Monotony		III. Unspecific load
	N	%	N	%	N	%
0	41	14.3	283	98.6	250	87.1
1	57	19.9	3	1.0	25	8.7
2	66	23.0	1	0.4	6	2.1
3	123	42.8	0	0	6	2.1
Total	246	85.7	4	1.4	37	12.9

Table 2B

Values for the subscales.

Items		Mean	SD	Median	Critical limita
I. Overloading	Time pressure	3.4	1.1	4b	3.0
	Great responsibility	3.4	1.2	4b	3.0
	Problems and conflicts	3.2	1.3	4b	2.5
II. Monotony	Low satisfaction	2.4	1.2	2	2.5
	Dull work	1.6	0.7	1	2.5
	Monotony	1.6	0.7	1	2.5
III. Unspecific factor	Nervousness	2.8	1.3	2	3.0
	Oversaturation	2.8	1.4	2	3.0
	Fatigue	3.5	1.2	4b	3.0
	Long-lasting load	3.6	1.1	4b	2.5
Overall		2nd degree – overloading

According to Židková (7); b denotes exceeded critical limit

Explanatory notes: SD – standard deviation;

Table 3 shows results from the Meister questionnaire analysis considering age, years of experience and education. Median values exceeded their critical limit for subscales, thus, the most problematic subscale turned out to be overloading. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between age groups, years of experience and education level in terms of analysed subscales. Kindergarten teachers (from groups: aged 45 and older; with 20 or more gained years of experience; with university degree) scored significantly higher in factors: overloading, unspecific factor, and also gross score.

Table 3

Descriptive statistics for the subscales of Meister questionnaire (N=287).

Women	I. Overloading			II. Monotony			III. Unspecific load			Gross score
	mean	SD	C	mean	SD	C	mean	SD	C	mean	SD	C
Normc	8.4	3.2	10	7.6	3.0	9	11.7	4.4	14	25.0	8.1	29
total	10.0a	2.7	11b	5.6a	2.0	7	12.7a	3.8	14	28.4a	7.1	32b
Age
<35 years	9.4a	2.7	11b	5.4a	1.9	6	12.7	3.4	14	27.5a	6.8	31b
35 – 45 years	10.2a	2.3	11b	5.3a	1.8	6	12.2	3.5	14	27.7a	5.7	31b
>45 years	10.3a	2.9	12b	5.8a	2.1	7	13.1a	4.2	15b	29.1a	7.7	33b
Years of experience
<20 years	9.9a	2.5	11b	5.4a	1.8	6	12.6a	3.5	14	27.8a	6.3	31b
>20 years	10.2a	2.9	12b	5.8a	2.1	7	12.9a	4.1	15b	28.9a	7.7	33b
Education level
middle	9.8a	2.9	11b	5.9a	2.1	6	12.6a	4.1	13	28.3a	7.6	28
higher	10.2a	2.6	12b	5.3a	1.8	6	12.8a	3.6	15b	28.4a	6.6	32b

p<0.05 (t-test); b exceeded critical value; c According to Židková (7);

Abbreviations: SD – standard deviation; C – critical limit

Descriptive statistics of psychosocial risk questionnaire items are shown in Table 4. Slovak kindergarten teachers generally considered their work as interesting (94.8%). They reported usage of their qualification and abilities (98.3%), autonomy in decision-making (84.0%), enough time for family (61.3%) and good relations with colleagues (81.9%). They felt the most frustrated about job performance evaluation (74.6%). They mostly reported good social support from employers (64.1%), safety hazards management in the workplace (58.5%) and awareness of protected health in the workplace (52.6%). Workplace mobbing and violence were noticed in 20.6% of kindergarten teachers.

Table 4

Psychosocial risks questionnaire evaluation and comparison between groups (N=287).

Item	All teachers N= 287		Not mentally demanding N=95 (33.1%)		Mentally demanding N=192 (66.9%)
			N (%)				p value
	yes	no	yes	no	yes	no
Do you use your skills and abilities at work?	282 (98.3)	5 (1.7)	95 (100.0)	0	187 (97.4)	5 (2.6)	0.1126
Do you decide on your own how to do your job?	241 (84.0)	46 (16.0)	89 (93.7)	6 (6.3)	152 (79.2)	40 (20.8)	0.0016a
Do you consider your job as interesting, which inspires you to continuing education?	272 (94.8)	15 (5.2)	92 (96.8)	3 (3.2)	180 (93.8)	12 (6.2)	0.2680
Is your job performance fairly evaluated?	73 (25.4)	214 (74.6)	33 (34.7)	62 (65.3)	40 (20.8)	152 (79.2)	0.0109a
Do you have enough time for your family due to your work?	176 (61.3)	111 (38.7)	69 (72.6)	26 (27.4)	107 (55.7)	85 (44.3)	0.0057a
Do you have good relationships and social support with your co-workers?	235 (81.9)	52 (18.1)	82 (86.3)	13 (13.7)	153 (79.7)	39 (20.3)	0.1701
Can you rely on social support from your employer?	184 (64.1)	103 (35.9)	68 (71.6)	27 (28.4)	116 (60.4)	76 (39.6)	0.0636
Does your employer manage all safety hazards in the workplace?	168 (58.5)	119 (41.5)	62 (65.3)	33 (34.7)	106 (55.2)	86 (44.8)	0.1037
Do you think your health is managed well enough and protected in the workplace?	151 (52.6)	136 (47.4)	65 (68.4)	30 (31.6)	86 (44.8)	106 (55.2)	0.0002a
Does violence or bullying occur in your workplace?	59 (20.6)	228 (79.4)	13 (13.7)	82 (86.3)	46 (24.0)	146 (76.0)	0.0427a

p<0.05 (chi-square test)

We distributed the sample in two groups to assess how kindergarten teachers consider their work (as “mentally demanding” or “not mentally demanding”). A total of 48 respondents from the group “not mentally demanding (n=95)” had less than 20 years of experience. From the group “mentally demanding (n=192)” a total of 94 kindergarten teachers had less than 20 years of experience. Significant differences between groups were not observed (p=0.8057).

Significant statistical differences were noticed in half of the items (Table 4). Kindergarten teachers who considered their work as not mentally demanding more often reported autonomy in their job (p=0.0016). Also, they more often reported fair evaluation of working performance (p=0.0109), enough time for family (p=0.0057), protected health in the workplace (p=0.0002) and absence of violence and bullying (p=0.0427).

We aimed to examine whether there is some relationship between the perception of psychosocial load and age, educational level, and years of experience in kindergarten teachers who perceived work as “mentally demanding”. We performed a statistical analysis of variables by using chi-square test. The results of 3 items showed significant statistical differences (Table 5).

Table 5

Psychosocial risks questionnaire and comparison of demographic characteristics – kindergarten teachers’ perception of work as “mentally demanding” (N=192).

Item	Do you consider your job as an interesting, which inspires you to continuing education?		p value	Is your job performance fairly evaluated?		p value	Can you rely on social support from your employer?		p value
					N (%)
	yes	no		yes	no		yes	no
Level of education
middle	85 (44.3)	1 (0.5)	0.2587	12 (6.3)	74 (38.5)	0.0345a	45 (23.4)	41 (21.4)	0.0389a
higher	102 (53.1)	4 (2.1)		28 (14.6)	78 (40.6)		71 (37.0)	35 (18.2)
Age
<35 years	43 (22.4)	3 (1.6)		12 (6.3)	34 (17.7)		35 (18.2)	11 (5.7)
35 – 45 years	50 (26.0)	0	0.2528	18 (9.4)	32 (16.7)	0.0008a	33 (17.2)	17 (8.9)	0.0077a
>45 years	94 (49.0)	2 (1.0)		10 (5.2)	86 (44.8)		48 (25.0)	48 (25.0)
Years of experience
<20	90 (46.9)	3 (1.6)		28 (14.6)	65 (33.9)		65 (33.9)	28 (14.6)
>20	97 (50.5)	2 (1.0)	0.6001	12 (6.3)	87 (45.3)	0.0021a	51 (26.6)	48 (25.0)	0.0092a

p<0.05 (chi-square test)

Kindergarten teachers with higher education stated more often that their job is not fairly evaluated (p=0.0345). Moreover, kindergarten teachers aged 45 and older and with more than 20 years of experience more often reported unfairness in job performance evaluation (p=0.0008; resp. p=0.0021). Older age, higher education and more years of experience turned out to be more associated with a negative perception, according to job performance evaluation.

However, older age and higher education of kindergarten teachers turned out to be associated with a perception of good social support from employers. Kindergarten teachers with higher education levels, aged >45 years, with less than 20 years of experience, showed statistically more social support from their employer (p=0.0389; resp. p=0.0077; resp. p=0.0092).

Discussion

The job of kindergarten teachers is affected by various factors and aspects of work. Kindergarten teachers are regularly exposed to emotional distress, resulting in emotion dysregulation and burnout (3, 18). The former research proved the higher risk of emotional dysregulation, exhaustion and anxiety among kindergarten teachers (19, 20, 21, 22). We assumed that long-term exposure to occupational stress can also contribute to aggravated perception of workload. Recent articles have focused on teachers’ burnout prevention and management of occupational stress in Slovakia. Author Piačková has shown that prevalence of burnout in kindergarten is significantly lower compared to other types of schools (23). However, a total of 28.7% teachers (n=104) were found to be at higher risk of burnout. Findings from a Croatian study have showed a potential risk of emotional exhaustion and burnout in 50% of teachers (n=100) (19). A similar pattern of results was obtained in Romania – almost half of kindergarten teachers from a sample (n=150) had a tendency to change profession due to emotional distress (24).

Our results showed exceeded critical values in time pressure, great responsibility problems and conflicts, fatigue and long-lasting load (Table 2B). These items turned out to be the most problematic and a potential source of frustration as well. Our findings were consistent with the results of an Italian study (25). Italian kindergarten teachers reported significantly higher values in questionnaires than VDU (Visual Display Unit) operators. Higher values were associated with work responsibilities, independence and autonomy in performing work-duties and other negative features of work interfering with psychophysical well-being (25). Our results also show comparable data to several Asian cross-sectional analyses (26, 27).

Psychosocial risks linked to the workplace are a significant source of occupational stress, like with other factors (e.g. mental, emotional and sensory load) (14). In addition, psychosocial risks include variables such as aspects of own work, social interaction and balancing work and family (14). According to the World Health Organization, psychosocial occupational stress can be divided into ten areas defining working conditions (character of work, pace, schedule, evaluation and control, working environment, level of communication, social interaction, role in company, professional investment, balancing work and family) (28). Teachers with fatigue are more likely to respond negatively to aspects of their own work, social interaction and balance between work and family (8). Respectively, our findings showed similar patterns. Kindergarten teachers who did not consider their work as mentally demanding are statistically more likely to respond to aspects of work positively and vice versa (Table 4). Kindergarten teachers considering their work as mentally demanding more frequently reported lack of time for family (p=0.0057). They also more often reported unfair evaluation of working performance (p=0.0109). A German study of preschool teachers confirmed significant differences between the type of the centre and perception of job satisfaction. They explained that type of centre (public, private, run by churches) could be a potential factor explaining variations in educators’ job satisfaction (29). Results from researchers in the USA showed correlation between teachers’ satisfaction with working appraisal and improvements to pupil performance in school (30). Existence of appraisal or financial rewards at work encourages mental well-being, satisfaction with work and overall health as well (24). In contrast, unfairness in evaluation generates and intensifies emotional exhaustion (31).

We also found that mobbing or violence was reported by a total 20.5% of kindergarten teachers. Results from a European Working Conditions Survey showed that a total 48.7% of European teachers have experienced some form of mobbing and bullying. The survey was conducted among 261 European teachers using the Job-Demand-Resources instrument (JD-R model) (32).

In addition, teachers at several kindergartens did not recognize occupational stress at all. Moreover, they very often lack skills on how to cope effectively (adaptive or maladaptive coping) with stress. Consequently, maladaptive ways of coping (e.g. avoidance, escape, emotion-focused coping) are linked to psychological distress and viewing problems as recurrent. In contrast, adaptive coping (problem-focused coping, support seeking) may buffer the occupational stress (33).

Occupational stress is recognized as a key variable related to many socio-economic outcomes, e.g. sick leave, absenteeism or teacher attrition (teachers who voluntarily exit the profession) (34). Recent studies of teacher stress described a relation between negative affective response and perceptions of the balance between classroom demands and resources. Teachers perceiving sufficient resources to meet their demands were more likely to pursue becoming a teacher again (86.5%) or intending to remain in teaching (87.6%) (34).

As well as the possibilities to change working practice, stress management is also well described in literature. Courses for individuals, trainee programs for teachers (e.g. teaching soft skills) or rehearsing adaptive coping strategies can be very helpful (e.g. hobbies). The development of professional investment and management of competencies in teachers are significant aspects of social motivation (7, 20).

Limitations

We found a certain limitation to our study, e.g. small sample size; also, we did not focus on psychological factors associated with teachers’ everyday experience, school system or policy climate issues. We also did not consider significant differences between groups according to ownership of kindergarten (public, run by churches, private).

Conclusions

Public health’s focus is on exploring workplaces suffering from occupational stress and risks to health and safety. The research shows that teachers in kindergarten are exposed to various levels of occupational stress. Kindergarten teachers reported overloading, time stress, and high responsibility. Nevertheless, they considered their job as interesting, which motivates them to seek out professional development. Employer’s strategy and policy has a crucial preventing role for employees suffering from occupational stress (35). We conclude that risk evaluation, control measures, and institutional changes should be realized at each school organisation. Some authors found low-quality evidence between organizational interventions and improvements in teacher well-being (36). However, changing the way that teachers work is organized at schools may reduce teacher resignations and may improve the teachers’ quality of well-being.