Jozo Grgic1, Luca Oppici2,3,4, Pavle Mikulic5, Jens Bangsbo6, Peter Krustrup7,8, Zeljko Pedisic2. 1. Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. jozo.grgic@live.vu.edu.au. 2. Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. 3. Psychology of Learning and Instruction, Department of Psychology, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. 4. Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop (CeTI), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. 5. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. 6. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark. 7. Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. 8. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The Yo-Yo test is widely used both in the practical and research contexts; however, its true test-retest reliability remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: The present systematic review aims to identify studies that have examined the test-retest reliability of the Yo-Yo test and summarize their results. METHODS: A search of ten databases was performed to find studies that have investigated test-retest reliability of any variant of the Yo-Yo test. The COSMIN checklist was employed to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. RESULTS: Nineteen studies of excellent or moderate methodological quality were included. When considering all variants of the Yo-Yo test, the included studies reported intra-class correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability ranging from 0.78 to 0.98 where 62% of all intra-class correlation coefficients were higher than 0.90, while 97% of intra-class correlation coefficients were higher than 0.80. The coefficients of variation ranged from 3.7 to 19.0%. Regardless of the variant of the test, the participants' familiarization with the test, and previous sport experience, the intra-class correlation coefficients generally seem high (≥ 0.90) and coefficients of variation low (< 10%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review indicate that the Yo-Yo test (in all its variants) generally has good-to-excellent test-retest reliability. The evidence concerning reliability arises from 19 included studies that were of moderate or high methodological quality. Considering that most of the included studies examined the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test while including Association Football players, more reliability studies examining Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 test and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 and level 2 tests, and in the context of sports other than Association Football as well as in non-athletic populations, are required. Finally, future studies should explicitly state the type of intra-class correlation coefficient used for the reliability data analysis to allow for better between-study comparisons.
BACKGROUND: The Yo-Yo test is widely used both in the practical and research contexts; however, its true test-retest reliability remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: The present systematic review aims to identify studies that have examined the test-retest reliability of the Yo-Yo test and summarize their results. METHODS: A search of ten databases was performed to find studies that have investigated test-retest reliability of any variant of the Yo-Yo test. The COSMIN checklist was employed to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. RESULTS: Nineteen studies of excellent or moderate methodological quality were included. When considering all variants of the Yo-Yo test, the included studies reported intra-class correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability ranging from 0.78 to 0.98 where 62% of all intra-class correlation coefficients were higher than 0.90, while 97% of intra-class correlation coefficients were higher than 0.80. The coefficients of variation ranged from 3.7 to 19.0%. Regardless of the variant of the test, the participants' familiarization with the test, and previous sport experience, the intra-class correlation coefficients generally seem high (≥ 0.90) and coefficients of variation low (< 10%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review indicate that the Yo-Yo test (in all its variants) generally has good-to-excellent test-retest reliability. The evidence concerning reliability arises from 19 included studies that were of moderate or high methodological quality. Considering that most of the included studies examined the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test while including Association Football players, more reliability studies examining Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 test and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance level 1 and level 2 tests, and in the context of sports other than Association Football as well as in non-athletic populations, are required. Finally, future studies should explicitly state the type of intra-class correlation coefficient used for the reliability data analysis to allow for better between-study comparisons.
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