Contemporary perioperative haemodynamic monitoring.

Haemodynamic monitoring is the cornerstone in the optimization of tissue perfusion and the prevention of deteriorating metabolism. Haemodynamic alterations could be summarized in terms of cardiac dysfunction, changes of loading conditions (preload or/and afterload), and patient related issues. This review aims to present the clinical applications of different haemodynamic monitoring techniques, discuss advantages and disadvantages, and provide guidance to help the clinician select those techniques suitable to optimize haemodynamics in individual patients during the perioperative period.