Active Case Finding in the Elderly Tuberculosis in South Korea.

With increased life expectancy and rapid expansion of elderly populations, screening and management of tuberculosis (TB) in aging adults is becoming progressively more important1. While the notified numbers of TB in South Korea from 2001 to 2018 has shown a consistent decrease in those 15–34 years of age, the numbers have become consistently highest in those ≥65 years, and a rise in those ≥65 years versus those younger has become noticeably steeper as time progressed (Figure 1)23. The percentage of notified TB cases among persons 25–34 and ≥65 years of age were 21.6% and 19.2% in 2001, but the corresponding percentages became 8.8% and 45.5% in 20183, respectively.

Figure 1

Trends in age-specific cases of new tuberculosis (TB) in South Korea from the years 2001 to 2018. The number of new TB cases in ≥65 years of age increase consistently with time. This figure was drawn based on the 2018 annual TB report3.

A high TB rate in younger age groups is common in less developed countries with high TB burden, but declines in TB prevalence in younger ages provides evidence that efforts to control TB are working4. In the elderly, TB development likely to occur from reactivation of a remote infection5, presenting atypical radiographic findings of lower lobe infiltration, pleural effusions, and extensive disease, and typical TB symptoms such as fever, productive cough, night sweats, and hemoptysis are less frequent6. Therefore, for elderly TB patients, active case finding, rather than passive self-referrals to healthcare providers, can be really challenging. However, active case finding has the advantage of early detection of infectious TB cases with a downstream benefit in disrupting the potential for transmission in households, congregate settings, and healthcare facilities7.

The Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has a goal to lower TB incidence from 77 to 40/10,000 by 20228. Although diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) can be an important cornerstone, cost-effectiveness is far from certain in the elderly owing to the following reasons: (1) lower reactivation rate from remote infection than from recent infection9; (2) a low predictive value of interferon γ release assay; (3) hepatotoxicity from LTBI treatment; and (4) poor treatment compliance10. Therefore, active TB case finding for high-risk elderly groups seems to be reasonable11, as is further research area for the development of effective interventions.

Recently, Kim et al.12 provided preliminary results from a 2017 systemic TB screening program in an elderly sample-from Jeollanam-do. Among 12,402 participants aged ≥65 years, 211 (1.7%) were suspected of having active TB. TB was later confirmed in 16 of the 211 suspected cases. The corresponding prevalence of 129/100,000 was similar to national TB notification data for the same age group. The numbers needed to screen in order to identify a single TB case was 775, suggesting that active TB screening in the elderly was better than previously expected data in vulnerable populations, including immigrants and residents in long-term health care facilities12. In this report, further screenings using Xpert tests for suspected TB in subjects with negative smears were also performed to prevent the diagnostic delay.

In a later pilot study of 2018 TB screening13 among the elderly in Kangwon-do (Gangneung, Samcheok), and Gyeongsangbuk-do (Gyeongju, Pohang) where TB incidence is high3, 74 individuals (228/100,000) were found to have active TB. It was 1.8-fold higher than findings from the previous report in Jeollanam-do (129/100,000). In this pilot study, active TB case finding utilized portable chest radiography in elderly samples living alone and in those with limited mobility. While TB prevalence was found to be 134/100,000 in long-term health care facilities, prevalence was doubled in community settings (269/100,000). Although the difference was not significant (p=0.140), the reliance on relatively small samples could have placed limits on statistical power. Regardless of these findings, variation in TB case finding between reports is large1213, suggesting a substantial numbers of TB cases could be missed.

Projected increases in the incidence of TB in the elderly as population age further increases the need to identify and implement effective TB screening programs. Increases in TB incidence in the elderly is also a worldwide problem, even for such countries as the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom where TB incidence is relatively low12. For countries such as China and India where TB incidence is high12, the rising incidence of TB in the elderly adds greater urgency in adopting effective TB screening programs. Unfortunately, even with proper screening programs in place, treatment of TB is faced with additional hurdles. Cost-effectiveness needs to consider a balance between a high yield in TB care with treatment versus the cost of outreach activity that can be resource intensive14. In the earlier cited pilot study13, among the 74 confirmed cases of TB, 34 (46%) had equivocal chest X-ray findings while chest X-rays in 37 (50%) showed inactive disease. The consequences of these findings are noteworthy as additional efforts and resources are needed for careful observation and follow-up13. Moreover, it is essential to optimize chains of referral for tailored treatment, minimize poor treatment compliance, monitor adverse drug reactions, and provide education and support services for all related stakeholders14.

In conclusion, TB in the elderly in South Korea is increasing dramatically. Evidence suggests that TB screening of older individuals in selected provinces is associated with a high rate of TB detection. However, this screening approach in a rapidly expanding elderly population must be re-assessed in the perspective of cost-effectiveness, and final related treatment outcomes must be evaluated to inform expansion or discontinuation of active case finding in the elderly.