Linda Titus1, Elizabeth E Hatch2, Julie R Palmer3, Dezheng Huo4, William C Strohsnitter5, Ervin Adam6, Winnie Ricker7, Marianne Hyer7, Robert N Hoover8, Rebecca Troisi8. 1. From the Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH. 2. Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA. 3. Slone Epidemiology Unit, Boston University, Boston, MA. 4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. 5. Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. 6. Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. 7. Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD. 8. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, may be associated with depression in adulthood, but previous findings are inconsistent. METHODS: Women (3,888 DES exposed and 1,729 unexposed) and men (1,021 DES exposed and 1,042 unexposed) participating in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) DES Combined Cohort Follow-up Study were queried in 2011 for any history of depression diagnosis or treatment. Hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) estimated the associations between prenatal DES exposure and depression risk. RESULTS: Depression was reported by 993 (26%) exposed and 405 (23%) unexposed women, and 177 (17%) exposed and 181 (17%) unexposed men. Compared with the unexposed, HRs for DES and depression were 1.1 (95% CI = 0.9, 1.2) in women and 1.0 (95% CI = 0.8, 1.2) in men. For medication-treated depression, the HRs (CIs) were 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) in women and 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) in men. In women, the HR (CI) for exposure to a low cumulative DES dose was 1.2 (1.0, 1.4), and for DES exposure before 8 weeks' gestation was 1.2 (1.0, 1.4). In men, the HR for low dose was 1.2 (95% CI = 0.9, 1.6) and there was no association with timing. In women, associations were uninfluenced by the presence of DES-related vaginal epithelial changes or a prior diagnosis of DES-related adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal DES exposure was not associated overall with risk of depression in women or men. In women, exposure in early gestation or to a low cumulative dose may be weakly associated with an increased depression risk.
BACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, may be associated with depression in adulthood, but previous findings are inconsistent. METHODS:Women (3,888 DES exposed and 1,729 unexposed) and men (1,021 DES exposed and 1,042 unexposed) participating in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) DES Combined Cohort Follow-up Study were queried in 2011 for any history of depression diagnosis or treatment. Hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) estimated the associations between prenatal DES exposure and depression risk. RESULTS:Depression was reported by 993 (26%) exposed and 405 (23%) unexposed women, and 177 (17%) exposed and 181 (17%) unexposed men. Compared with the unexposed, HRs for DES and depression were 1.1 (95% CI = 0.9, 1.2) in women and 1.0 (95% CI = 0.8, 1.2) in men. For medication-treated depression, the HRs (CIs) were 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) in women and 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) in men. In women, the HR (CI) for exposure to a low cumulative DES dose was 1.2 (1.0, 1.4), and for DES exposure before 8 weeks' gestation was 1.2 (1.0, 1.4). In men, the HR for low dose was 1.2 (95% CI = 0.9, 1.6) and there was no association with timing. In women, associations were uninfluenced by the presence of DES-related vaginal epithelial changes or a prior diagnosis of DES-related adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal DES exposure was not associated overall with risk of depression in women or men. In women, exposure in early gestation or to a low cumulative dose may be weakly associated with an increased depression risk.
Authors: Frederick S vom Saal; Benson T Akingbemi; Scott M Belcher; Linda S Birnbaum; D Andrew Crain; Marcus Eriksen; Francesca Farabollini; Louis J Guillette; Russ Hauser; Jerrold J Heindel; Shuk-Mei Ho; Patricia A Hunt; Taisen Iguchi; Susan Jobling; Jun Kanno; Ruth A Keri; Karen E Knudsen; Hans Laufer; Gerald A LeBlanc; Michele Marcus; John A McLachlan; John Peterson Myers; Angel Nadal; Retha R Newbold; Nicolas Olea; Gail S Prins; Catherine A Richter; Beverly S Rubin; Carlos Sonnenschein; Ana M Soto; Chris E Talsness; John G Vandenbergh; Laura N Vandenberg; Debby R Walser-Kuntz; Cheryl S Watson; Wade V Welshons; Yelena Wetherill; R Thomas Zoeller Journal: Reprod Toxicol Date: 2007-07-27 Impact factor: 3.143
Authors: Julie R Palmer; Lauren A Wise; Elizabeth E Hatch; Rebecca Troisi; Linda Titus-Ernstoff; William Strohsnitter; Raymond Kaufman; Arthur L Herbst; Kenneth L Noller; Marianne Hyer; Robert N Hoover Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2006-08 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: Kimberly M Perez; Linda Titus-Ernstoff; Elizabeth E Hatch; Rebecca Troisi; Jean Wactawski-Wende; Julie R Palmer; Kenneth Noller; Robert N Hoover Journal: Fertil Steril Date: 2005-12 Impact factor: 7.329
Authors: Linda Titus-Ernstoff; Kimberly Perez; Elizabeth E Hatch; Rebecca Troisi; Julie R Palmer; Patricia Hartge; Marianne Hyer; Raymond Kaufman; Ervin Adam; William Strohsnitter; Kenneth Noller; Kate E Pickett; Robert Hoover Journal: Epidemiology Date: 2003-03 Impact factor: 4.822
Authors: W C Strohsnitter; K L Noller; R N Hoover; S J Robboy; J R Palmer; L Titus-Ernstoff; R H Kaufman; E Adam; A L Herbst; E E Hatch Journal: J Natl Cancer Inst Date: 2001-04-04 Impact factor: 13.506
Authors: Lauren A Wise; Linda Titus-Ernstoff; Julie R Palmer; Robert N Hoover; Elizabeth E Hatch; Kimberly M Perez; William C Strohsnitter; Raymond Kaufman; Diane Anderson; Rebecca Troisi Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2007-06-27 Impact factor: 4.897
Authors: Julie R Palmer; Arthur L Herbst; Kenneth L Noller; Deborah A Boggs; Rebecca Troisi; Linda Titus-Ernstoff; Elizabeth E Hatch; Lauren A Wise; William C Strohsnitter; Robert N Hoover Journal: Environ Health Date: 2009-08-18 Impact factor: 5.984