BACKGROUND: While the effects of thyroxine (T<sub>4</sub>) replacement on improving gonadal function in hypothyroid men has been well documented, the same has not been adequately studied in hypothyroid premenopausal women. METHODOLOGY: Premenopausal women with overt hypothyroidism (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] > 15 IU/L) were tested in the early follicular phase of their natural menstrual cycles or after a progesterone challenge for gonadotropins, estradiol (E<sub>2</sub>), and prolactin (PRL). They were then treated adequately with T<sub>4</sub> replacement and retested under similar circumstances for the same parameters ≥2 months after the restoration of euthyroidism. RESULTS: Forty premenopausal hypothyroid women were evaluated at baseline and ≥2 months after adequate T<sub>4</sub> replacement. At baseline, there was an inverse correlation of the gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]) and TSH, prolactin (PRL) and free T<sub>4</sub> (fT<sub>4</sub>), and E<sub>2</sub> and PRL. After normalization of the thyroid function, there was a significant fall in PRL (p < 0.001) accompanied by a rise in serum E<sub>2</sub> (p < 0.001). There were no changes in the levels of the gonadotropins LH and FSH. The proportion of patients with hyperprolactinemia fell 5-fold, from 5/40 to 1/40. While there were 5 patients with low estrogen prior to treatment, there were none with hypoestrogenemia after treatment. CONCLUSION: Hypothyroidism is associated with a reversible partial suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in premenopausal women, demonstrated by lower E<sub>2</sub> along with a mild elevation of PRL. Treatment of hypothyroidism improves the level of estrogen and lowers the level of PRL.
BACKGROUND: While the effects of thyroxine (T<sub>4</sub>) replacement on improving gonadal function in hypothyroid men has been well documented, the same has not been adequately studied in hypothyroid premenopausal women. METHODOLOGY: Premenopausal women with overt hypothyroidism (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] > 15 IU/L) were tested in the early follicular phase of their natural menstrual cycles or after a progesterone challenge for gonadotropins, estradiol (E<sub>2</sub>), and prolactin (PRL). They were then treated adequately with T<sub>4</sub> replacement and retested under similar circumstances for the same parameters ≥2 months after the restoration of euthyroidism. RESULTS: Forty premenopausal hypothyroid women were evaluated at baseline and ≥2 months after adequate T<sub>4</sub> replacement. At baseline, there was an inverse correlation of the gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]) and TSH, prolactin (PRL) and free T<sub>4</sub> (fT<sub>4</sub>), and E<sub>2</sub> and PRL. After normalization of the thyroid function, there was a significant fall in PRL (p < 0.001) accompanied by a rise in serum E<sub>2</sub> (p < 0.001). There were no changes in the levels of the gonadotropins LH and FSH. The proportion of patients with hyperprolactinemia fell 5-fold, from 5/40 to 1/40. While there were 5 patients with low estrogen prior to treatment, there were none with hypoestrogenemia after treatment. CONCLUSION: Hypothyroidism is associated with a reversible partial suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in premenopausal women, demonstrated by lower E<sub>2</sub> along with a mild elevation of PRL. Treatment of hypothyroidism improves the level of estrogen and lowers the level of PRL.
Authors: Jeffrey R Garber; Rhoda H Cobin; Hossein Gharib; James V Hennessey; Irwin Klein; Jeffrey I Mechanick; Rachel Pessah-Pollack; Peter A Singer; Kenneth A Woeber Journal: Thyroid Date: 2012-11-06 Impact factor: 6.568