Clustered microRNAs hsa-miR-221-3p/hsa-miR-222-3p and their targeted genes might be prognostic predictors for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Objective: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been explored in malignancies. We investigated the functions of clustered miRNAs hsa-miR-221/222-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Methods: Human miRNA tissue atlas website was determined expression levels in liver tissue. Four databases, TarBase, miRTarBase, miRecords and miRPathDB, were found experimentally validated target genes of clustered miRNAs. TargetScanHuman was predicted target genes. The STRING website was depicted protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. The OncoLnc website analyzed prognostic values for hsa-miR-221/222-3p and their target genes. The MCODE plugin calculated modules of PPI networks. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were predicted 1, 3, and 5 years prognostic values.
Results: Expression of clustered miRNAs was high in liver tissues. A total of 1577 target genes were identified. Enrichment analysis showed that target genes were enriched mainly in cancer, Wnt signaling and ErbB signaling pathways. Two modules were calculated using PPI networks. Has-miR-221-3p was not associated with prognosis (P = 0.401). Has-miR-222-3p and target genes ESR1, TMED7, CBFB, ETS2, UBE2J1 and UBE2N of the clustered miRNAs were associated with HCC survival (all P < 0.05). Has-miR-222-3p, CBFB, and UBE2N showed good performance of ROC in prognosis prediction at 1, 3, and 5 years (all area under curves > 0.600).
Conclusion: Has-miR-222-3p and target genes, especially CBFB, UBE2N, may serve as prognostic predictors for HCC.

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of most common malignancies worldwide, especially in China 1. HCC accounts for more than 60,000 deaths and roughly 750,000 newly diagnosis each year 2. Etiologically, both environmental factors including hepatitis B and C viral infection and genetic factors are suggested to be involved in HCC development 3,4. Treatments such as transcatherter chemoembolization, radial frequency ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, liver transplantation and microwave ablation are used as beneficial medical procedures for HCC 5. However, due to the obscure symptoms and a lack of sensitive molecular biomarkers, early diagnosis of HCC is difficult and prognosis is poor. The 5-year survival rate is approximately 3-5% 6. This situation makes early diagnosis and treatment in clinics challenging and identifying potential molecular markers urgent. The mechanism by which microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate HCC development is often a topic of molecular biological studies 7. Increasing evidence shows that miRNAs are could be potential molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC 7.

MiRNAs are small, single-stranded, endogenous noncoding RNA molecules of 19-25 nucleotides that are documented to have important functions. They regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis 8,9. By binding to the 3'-untranslated regions of target genes, miRNAs negatively modulate them at the post-transcription level 10,11. MiRNA deregulation is responsible for initiation and progression of HCC 12. Overexpression of the clustered mRNAs hsa-miR-221 and hsa-miR-222 13 is reported to directly lead to the downregulation of the tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulator p27 (Kip1) 14. Hsa-miR-222 is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for Epstein-Barr virus+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in older people 15. Differential expression of miR-221 is documented in comparisons of pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis tissues and miR-221 and miR-222 have been documented in comparisons of pancreatic cancer and normal tissues 16. Euu et al. 17 suggested that aberrant expression of miR-221 could provide insights into pancreatic tumorigenesis and may be a prognostic biomarker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Expression of miR-221 and miR-221 increase in response to cellular stress in cirrhotic and hepatitis-positive livers 18. MiR-221 potentiates the malignant progression of liver cancer by governing the tumor suppressor HDAC6 . Induced by HBx protein and targeting estrogen receptor-α, upregulation of miRNA-221 facilitates aberrant proliferation of hepatitis B virus-related HCC 20. TarBase can provide for the first time hundreds of thousands of high quality manually curated experimentally validated miRNA: gene interactions, enhanced with detailed meta-data (http://diana.imis.athena-innovation.gr/DianaTools/index.php?r=site/index). miRTarBase is an experimentally validated microRNA-target interaction database. It possesses more than 360 miRNA-target interactions, which are validated by reporter assay, western blot, microarray, and next-generation sequencing experiments (http://mirtarbase.mbc.nctu.edu.tw/php/index.php). miRecords is an animal miRNA-target interactions database and is made up of two component: The Validated Targets component and The Predicted Targets component. The Validated Targets component, a large, high-quality database originated from meticulous literature curation, hosts 2705 interaction records between 644 miRNAs and 1901 target genes. The Predicted Targets component is an integration of predicted miRNA target: DINAN-microT, MicroInspector, miRanda, MirTarget2, miTarget, NBmiRTar, PicTar, PITA, RNA22, RNAhybrid, and TargetScan/TargetScanS (http://c1.accurascience.com/miRecords/). miRPathDB-miRNA Pathway Dictionary Database-is freely accessible for everyone at https://mpd.bioinf.uni-sb.de/. The database attempts to increase available target pathway by offering easy access to the information of miRNA regulated pathways. It contains 2599 human miRNAs, 14773 experimentally validated target genes and 19281 predicted target genes, 280 KEGG, 1300 Reactome pathways, 6169 biological processes, 1550 molecular functions, and 758 cellular components (https://mpd.bioinf.uni-sb.de/).

Many studies on miR-221 and/or miR-222 have focused on their target genes to determine their potential prognostic value for malignancies. Our study investigated clustered miRNAs miR-221/222 and their target genes and metabolic pathways and the biological processes that they were involved in. Our aim was to predict their prognostic value and provide insights into individualized therapy for HCC patients.

Materials and Methods

Analysis of stem-loop structure, sequences and tissue expression of hsa-miR-221/222

The stem-loop structure and sequences of hsa-miR-221/222 were determined using the miRBase database13, a searchable database of published miRNAs sequences and annotations, and the Vienna RNAfold WebServer website 21 for predicting minimum free energy structures and base-pair probabilities from single RNA and DNA sequences. The human miRNA tissue atlas website22, for identifying miRNA tissues of origin and providing insights into the specificity and heterogeneity of miRNAs in tissues, was used to obtain expression levels of hsa-miR-221/222 in multiple tissues.

Analysis of experimentally validated target genes of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p

Four databases, TarBase v7.0 23, miRTarBase 24, miRecords 25 and miRPathDB v1.0 26, were used to obtain experimentally validated target genes. A literature review was performed to avoid missing potential target genes in the four online databases.

Enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways and gene ontology of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p

Enrichment analysis of KEGG pathway and gene ontology (GO) terms were performed using the online Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID v6.7) 27,28, which provides a comprehensive set of functional annotation tools for investigators to understand the biological meaning behind large list of genes. Plugins ClueGO and CluePedia from Cytoscape software were used to obtain KEGG pathway enrichment analysis from the miRTarBase database.

Analysis of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p target genes

The online database TargetScanHuman Release 7.1 29 was accessed to predict biological targets of miRNAs, for targets with conserved sites and predicted targets irrespective of site conservation. TargetScanHuman was used to predict consequential pairing of target regions and miRNAs. All remaining genes that were ruled out as experimentally validated target genes from all conserved genes were used for KEGG pathway and GO term enrichment analysis.

Analysis of genes related to HCC on MalaCards and differentially expressed genes in Gene Expression Omnibus

To acquire differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal and primary liver tissue, the online dataset GSE14520 30,31 (GPL3971 platform) in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used for analysis. DEGs were chosen by the criteria |FC| ≥ 2 and P ≤ 0.05. Genes reported to be related to HCC were accessed on the MalaCards website 32. Online resources Venn Diagrams and Venny 2.1 33 were used to calculate the intersections of genes.

Survival analysis of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p in HCC

Survival analysis of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p and target gene expression for HCC prognosis used the online database OncoLnc 34. Mutation analysis of target genes of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p used the online source cBioportal 35,36. The website miRTargetLink Human Release 6.0 37 was used to visualize experimentally validated target genes with strong evidence. Correlation analysis was used to visualize expression levels of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p and target genes. The MCODE plugin of Cytoscape v3.5.0 software was used to identify modules in numerous genes 38,39.

Statistical analysis

Pearson correlation analysis was calculated by SPSS v16.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL). Correlation result diagrams were made using R v3.2.0 (https://www.r-project.org/).

Results

Mature sequences, structure and expression analysis of hsa-miR-221/222

Sequences of mature clustered miRNAs hsa-miR-221-3p and hsa-miR-222-3p were obtained from miRBase databases. The first 8 bases were same while other bases were not (Figure ). The secondary structures of pre-miRNAs were from the Vienna RNAfold WebServer website. Hsa-miR-221 showed a reverse Z shape and 8 closed loops and hsa-miR-221 showed a natural L shape and 6 closed loops (Figure ). Expression of the clustered miRNAs hsa-miR-221-3p/5p and hsa-miR-222-3p in multiple organs is in Figure . The miRNAs had relatively high expression levels in liver tissue. Hsa-miR-222-5p was not recognized in the website.

Experimentally validated target genes of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p

A total of 1577 target genes was determined from four websites. Specifically, 1092 experimentally validated genes for hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p were determined from the TarBase database; 638 experimentally validated genes of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p were determined from the miRTarBase database; 20 experimentally validated genes of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p were determined from the miRecords database; and 417 experimentally validated genes of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p were determined from the miRPathDB database (Table ). Detailed gene lists for the clustered miRNAs are in Supplementary Table .

Tissue expression, KEGG pathways and GO enrichment of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p target genes

The top 20 significantly enriched tissues from DAVID website analysis are in Table . Many tissues, including liver, were in the results. Liver tissue had 216 enriched genes, ranking fourth of all enriched tissues, and accounted for 13.9987% that were significant (P < 0.001). Results of enrichment analysis are in Supplementary Table . Significant enrichment results for the top 20 KEGG pathways and top 20 GO terms are in Figure . HTLV-1 infection, proteoglycans in cancer, and transcriptional misregulation in cancer were ranked with the top 3 counts in the KEGG pathway enrichment results. Enrichment results of GO terms, including biological process (BP), cellular component (CC) and molecular function (MF), are in Figure . Nonmembrane-bounded organelles, intracellular nonmembrane-bounded organelles, and nucleotide binding, were ranked as the top 3 counts. Detailed enrichment results are in Supplementary Table .

The results of connecting hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p, target genes and metabolic pathways are in Figure . A total of 43 genes and 7 metabolic pathways were enriched in this network. Of these, 18 genes, including STAT5A, MGMT, PTEN, RECK, BBC3, GJA1 and TRPS1 were connected to both miRNAs; 13 genes including APAF1, TICAM1, NAIP, TBK1, PAK1 and MYBL1, were involved in metabolic pathways. Seven metabolic pathways were NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, renal cell carcinoma, hepatitis B, ras signaling pathway, HTLV-1 infection, and pathways in cancer and breast cancer.

Prediction, enrichment analysis of target genes and intersection analysis from four data sources

The website TargetScan was used to predict target genes of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p irrespective of site conservation to find target genes with potential research value. A total of 496 target genes with conserved sites and 3084 target genes irrespective of site conservation were identified by the website. CDKN1B, ranked first of all the predicted genes, was predicted to have consequential paring of a target region at position 201-208 in the 3'-untranslated region with hsa-miR-221-3p (Figure ). Hsa-miR-222-3p was not recognized. Removing 238 common target genes that were experimentally validated left a predicted 258 target genes enriched by DAVID, generating KEGG pathways and GO terms. The top 20 enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways are in Figure . A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of 258 target genes is depicted in Supplementary Figure . Detailed lists of 496 target genes (238 common and 258 other predicted genes 258) and 3084 target genes are in Supplementary Table .

Online source MalaCards was used to identify genes validated with HCC. A total of 165 genes were identified (Supplementary Table ). Four data sources, 1577 validated genes, 496 predicted genes with conserved sites, 3084 predicted genes irrespective of site conservation and 165 HCC-related genes were used for intersection analysis using the Venny online tool. Only two genes were common to the four datasets (Figure ).

Survival analysis of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p and target genes in HCC

Survival analysis of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p was performed using the OncoLnc website at quatile in Figure -B. Hsa-miR-222-3p was significant (P = 0.0368); while hsa-miR-222-3p was not (P = 0.401). The MiRTargetLink website was used to determine experimentally validated genes of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p. Target genes with strong evidence are in Figure . Detailed target gene lists are in Supplementary Table . Of the target genes, ESR1 and TMED7 were chosen for further analysis. Pearson correlation results for hsa-miR-221-3p, hsa-miR-222-3p, ESR1 and TMED7 are in Figure . Gene expression was highly and positively correlated with the miRNAs (all R > 0.9, P < 0.001). Mutation analysis of ESR1 and TMED7 was plotted in the Cbioportal website (Figure ) and survival analysis of these two genes was depicted in the OncoLnc website (Figure ). ESR1 showed mutation analysis in mutation, amplification, deep deletion and multiple alterations, TMED7 showed mutation analysis only in amplification. Both were significant in survival analysis (P = 0.0256 for ESR1; P = 0.0253 for TMED7).

Hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p may facilitate HCC carcinogenesis

The results indicated that hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p and target genes of ESR1 and TMED7 had verified prognostic value in HCC. Other validated genes, for example APAF1, NAIP, TICAM1, TBK1, PAK1, ETS1, KIT, ARNT, MMP2, DVL2, MMP1, were identified as involved in the tumor-related pathways NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, hepatitis B, Ras signaling pathway and pathways in cancer. Their target genes were enriched in BP, CC, and MF such as RNA binding, cellular protein localization, and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway, which are relevant to tumorigenesis. These results suggested that hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p played key role in HCC carcinogenesis.

To investigate this hypothesis, GEO datasets and the GSE14520 GPL3921 platform, were used for analysis. Using the criterion described above, 1351 DEGs were identified (Supplementary Table ). A volcano plot of the GSE14520 dataset is in Figure . A Venn diagram was generated using the datasets of 1571 validated genes, 3084 genes, conservative sites 496 genes, 1351 genes and 165 validated genes in Figure . A total of 215 target genes/DEGs, accounting for 15.91%, ranked first of all of the more than three dataset intersection groups (Figure ). Detailed results on 215 target genes and 215 DEGs are in Supplementary Table .

Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis of HCC prognostic related miRNA and target genes

In our further analysis, HCC prognosis related miRNA and target genes, has-miR-222-3p, CBFB, ESR1, EST2, TMED7, UBE2J1, and UBE2N, were performed for prognostic ROC analysis in 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Has-miR-222-3p showed a good performance in clinical outcome prediction in both 3 and 5 years (P = 0.601 and 0.612 respectively, Figure ). CBFB showed a good performance in 5 years prediction (P = 0.606, Figure ). UBE2N presented a good performance in 1 year prediction (P = 0.640, Figure ).

Molecular mechanism of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p implicated in HCC tumorigenesis

To determine the potential functions of 215 DEGs, enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways and GO terms was performed using DAVID. Enriched were 13 metabolic pathways including the MAPK signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, and the Wnt signaling pathway (Figure ). The top 20 enriched GO terms are in Figure . Detailed enrichment results are in Supplementary Table . A PPI network of 215 DEGs is in Supplementary Figure . Two modules were identified by MCODE, which included 7 and 4 genes (Figure ). In the 11 enriched genes, CBFB (P = 0.00107), ETS2 (P = 0.0355), UBE2J1 (P = 0.0468) and UBE2N (P = 0.0255) were associated with HCC survival (Figure ). Specific mechanisms of involvement of these miRNAs are in Figure .

Discussion

In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the clustered miRNAs hsa-miR-221 and hsa-miR-222 and HCC. We found that the miRNAs were highly expressed in liver tissue and their secondary pre-miRNA structures showed specific characteristics. By determining their experimentally validated target genes, we identified their characterized biological processes and metabolic pathways. We found that these clustered miRNAs and their target genes had potential prognostic value for HCC, especially hsa-miR-222-3p, which functioned as a tumor promotor in hepatic tumorigenesis. DEGs were validated for metabolic processes and pathways. Many metabolic pathways and functions in biological processes were detailed, depicted and clarified.

Generally, an miRNA originates from a primary transcript pri-miRNA, which is transcribed by RNA polymerase II 40. An miRNA can extend to more than 100 kilobases and contain more than one precursor miRNA hairpin (pre-miRNA) 40. Several studies show that more than half of miRNAs are intragenic and located mainly in the regions of protein-coding genes 41,42. Only one-third of intronic miRNAs are transcribed from promotors. The majority are co-expressed and co-regulated with host genes in which they are reside 40. Thus, host miRNAs and miRNAs may result from a common primary transcript 40. Intergenic pri-miRNAs are poorly characterized and lack well-annotated databases 40. However, similar to transcriptional regulation of protein-coding genes, intergenic pri-miRNA expression is predominantly regulated by transcription factors through promotors and enhancers 40. In addition, protein-coding genes and promotors and enhancers of intergenic pri-miRNAs share common epigenetic characteristics, including histone modification marks 40. Produced from the same pri-miRNA, expression alterations of them are observed synchronously 40.

Hsa-miR-221 and hsa-miR-222 (miR-221/222), two highly homologous miRNAs, are clustered on the short arm of chromosome X 40. Patterns of miRNA expression are generally accepted to be associated with cancer types, stages and other clinical variables43. Analysis of miRNA expression indicates that miRNAs function both oncogenically and as tumor suppressors 43. They are acknowledged to be overexpressed in most epithelial malignancies including breast, liver, pancreatic and lung cancer and to have oncogenic functions in these cancers 40,44-47. Expression of miRNAs 221/222 is reported to regulate acute myeloid leukemia at a post-transcriptional level and may be a novel potential biomarker and putative oncogene in this disease 48. Overexpression of hsa-miR-221/222 is identified in glioblastoma multiforme-initiating cells, which are pivotal regulators in dynamic expression 49. Increased expression of miR-221 is reported in pancreatic cancer 17, glioblastoma 50 and thyroid cancer 45.

Tathiana et al.15 reported different functions of hsa-miR-222 by targeting multiple target genes: hsa-miR-222 functions in tumor suppression by targeting PTEN, in cell cycle regulation by targeting CDKN1B (p27) and CDKN1C, in transcription by targeting STAT5A, as a oncogene by targeting FOS and KIT, as an adhesion molecule by targeting ICAM1, and in oxidative stress by targeting SOD2. Roehle et al.51 reported hsa-miR-222 is involved in immune regulation and B cell-related tumors. Mediated by Rbm24 protein, miRNA-222 alters myogenic differentiation in an alternative splicing process 52.

Upregulation of clustered miR-221/222 is controversial and particularly relevant to astrocytic glioblastoma multiforme subtype. 53 MiR-221/222 were observed in glioblastoma multiforme-initiating cell differentiation and these clustered miRNAs are overexpressed in glioblastoma multiforme compared to nontransformed tissues 49,54. In addition, these miRNAs demonstrate a inhibitory effect on proliferation in an erythroleukemic cell line and decreased stem cell repopulating activity in cord blood CD34+ cells by inhibiting KIT 55. Therefore, the miRNAs exert both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive effects, depending on the cellular context 49.

Our research found that miRNA-221/222 are involved in the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway by targeting TICAM1, NAIP and TBK1 genes. The NOD-like receptor signaling pathway is composed of regulating factors and receptors including NLRC and NLRX family gene members. This result parallels our previous report that NLRC and NLRX gene subfamily members are potential biomarkers for HCC 56. Hepatitis B was enriched in the results by targeting APAF1, TICAM1 and TBK1. The Ras signaling pathway and pathways in cancer were present in results. In the next enrichment analysis, pathways in cancer, the Wnt signaling pathway and the ErbB signaling pathway were shown in different results. Both miR-222 and some target genes had significant values for prognosis. Given these results, we postulated that the clustered miRNAs may be involved in these pathways and the target genes may be involved in metabolic pathways.

In a literature review, we found that Pax5 reduces miR-221 and miR-222 expression when co-expressed with miR-221 by inducing differentiation from CD19- common lymphoid progenitors to CD19+ pre-B-I cells 57,58. By targeting Bmf, miR-221 inhibits apoptosis and overexpression is associated with a more aggressive phenotype of tumor multifocality 59. By targeting CDKN1B, miR-221/222 expression is associated with liver fibrosis and upregulated in disease propagation 60. NF-κB and c-Jun, two transcription factors, are involved in cancer onset and progression, contributing to tumorigenesis by inducing miR-221/222 transcription 61. In addition, p27 hsa both positive and negative functions in the process of regulating cell proliferation, cell motility and apotosis 62.

Our investigation demonstrated that high expression of hsa-miR-222-3p produced a better prognosis than low expression. Thus, we conclude from our study that hsa-miR-222 may be a tumor promotor in liver tumorigenicity, consistent with previous research 63. Beatriz et al.49 found that these miRNAs have pro-oncogenic or tumor-suppressor functions, depending on the cellular context. Our study found that overexpression of miR-221 did not induce an undesirable prognosis for HCC patients. Of note, this opinion was not consistent with Pascal et al. 64 who found that overexpression of miR-221 contributes risk of hepatic tumorigenesis. Thus, we concluded that the potential functions of miR-221-3p need to be further explored and miR-222 may be oncogenic in HCC. Several target genes of miR-221/222-3p and miR-222 may participate in pathways in cancer, the Wnt signaling pathway and the ErbB signaling pathway. Several target genes of miR-221/222-3p and miR-222-3p itself may be potential prognostic biomarkers for HCC. Identification of these biomarkers provides new insight for HCC treatment, which means early detection of their expressions and drug target determination can give each HCC patient individualized therapy based on each patient characteristic.

The study has several limitations that need to be recognized. First, more highly specific miRNA or clustered miRNAs need to be recognized in liver tissue for analysis. Second, clinical data should be included to further validate these findings.

Third, experiments on potential biomarkers are necessary to determine their prognostic value and clarify concrete mechanisms of the clustered miRNAs. Therefore, further investigations are still warranted to address these issues.

Conclusions

In conclusion, although our study had some deficiencies, we found target genes of miR-221/222-3p, both experimentally validated and predicted, in different databases. We analyzed potential KEGG pathways and biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions using the target genes. We analyzed the potential prognostic abilities of the miRNAs and their target genes and performed mutation analysis of target genes. Another dataset validated these findings and specific mechanisms were reviewed. Potentially important genes were enriched into two modules and prognostic predictions were performed to identify the genes in modules of molecular biomarker values.

Supplementary figures.

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Supplementary table 1.

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Supplementary table 2.

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Supplementary table 3.

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Supplementary table 4.

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Supplementary table 5.

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Supplementary table 6.

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Supplementary table 7.

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Supplementary table 8.

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Table 1

Analysis of experimentally validated genes of hsa-miR-221-3p/222-3p

Databases	miRNAs	Sum	Repetition	Remaining	Combination 1	Combination 2
TarBase	hsa-miR-221-3p	900	112	788	1092	1577
	hsa-miR-222-3p	800	88	712
miRTarBase	hsa-miR-221-3p	368	0	368	638
	hsa-miR-222-3p	394	0	394
miRecords	hsa-miR-221-3p	20	4	16	20
	hsa-miR-222-3p	16	2	14
miRPathDB	hsa-miR-221-3p	348	1	347	417
	hsa-miR-222-3p	374	2	372

Table 2

Top 20 up-tissues of tissue expression of experimentally validated genes

Category	Term	Count	%	P value	Benjamini	FDR
UP_TISSUE	Epithelium	405	26.24757	2.95E-37	9.37E-35	3.97E-34
UP_TISSUE	Brain	785	50.87492	8.60E-13	1.37E-10	1.16E-09
UP_TISSUE	Cajal-Retzius cell	51	3.30525	5.13E-11	5.44E-09	6.91E-08
UP_TISSUE	T-cell	62	4.018146	8.82E-10	7.01E-08	1.19E-06
UP_TISSUE	Uterus	214	13.86909	2.72E-09	1.73E-07	3.66E-06
UP_TISSUE	Placenta	368	23.84964	6.42E-09	3.40E-07	8.65E-06
UP_TISSUE	Platelet	86	5.573558	1.82E-08	8.28E-07	2.46E-05
UP_TISSUE	Fetal brain cortex	48	3.110823	2.56E-07	1.02E-05	3.45E-04
UP_TISSUE	Bone marrow	108	6.999352	6.88E-07	2.43E-05	9.27E-04
UP_TISSUE	Kidney	167	10.82307	5.46E-05	0.001735	0.073588
UP_TISSUE	Ovarian carcinoma	30	1.944264	5.88E-05	0.001699	0.079251
UP_TISSUE	Lung	275	17.82242	1.14E-04	0.003026	0.154066
UP_TISSUE	Cervix carcinoma	56	3.629294	2.40E-04	0.005854	0.32305
UP_TISSUE	Human endometrium	7	0.453662	2.56E-04	0.005796	0.344413
UP_TISSUE	Eye	122	7.906675	5.03E-04	0.01061	0.676051
UP_TISSUE	Fibroblast	25	1.62022	6.41E-04	0.012672	0.861353
UP_TISSUE	Peripheral Nervous System	14	0.907323	6.92E-04	0.012862	0.928636
UP_TISSUE	Liver	216	13.9987	7.65E-04	0.013431	1.026589
UP_TISSUE	Skin	192	12.44329	0.001247	0.020671	1.668452
UP_TISSUE	Uterus endothel	8	0.518471	0.001512	0.023776	2.019658

Note: FDR: false discovery rate.