Nazeeba Siddika1, Aino K Rantala1, Harri Antikainen2, Hamudat Balogun1, A Kofi Amegah3, Niilo R I Ryti1, Jaakko Kukkonen4, Mikhail Sofiev4, Maritta S Jaakkola1, Jouni J K Jaakkola5. 1. Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. 2. Geography Research Unit, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. 3. Public Health Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Post Office, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. 4. Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101, Helsinki, Finland. 5. Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. Electronic address: jouni.jaakkola@oulu.fi.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is some evidence that prenatal exposure to low-level air pollution increases the risk of preterm birth (PTB), but little is known about synergistic effects of different pollutants. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the independent and joint effects of prenatal exposure to air pollution during the entire duration of pregnancy. METHODS: The study population consisted of the 2568 members of the Espoo Cohort Study, born between 1984 and 1990, and living in the City of Espoo, Finland. We assessed individual-level prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants of interest at all the residential addresses from conception to birth. The pollutant concentrations were estimated both by using regional-to-city-scale dispersion modelling and land-use regression-based method. We applied Poisson regression analysis to estimate the adjusted risk ratios (RRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) by comparing the risk of PTB among babies with the highest quartile (Q4) of exposure during the entire duration of pregnancy with those with the lower exposure quartiles (Q1-Q3). We adjusted for season of birth, maternal age, sex of the baby, family's socioeconomic status, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during pregnancy, single parenthood, and exposure to other air pollutants (only in multi-pollutant models) in the analysis. RESULTS: In a multi-pollutant model estimating the effects of exposure during entire pregnancy, the adjusted RR was 1.37 (95% CI: 0.85, 2.23) for PM2.5 and 1.64 (95% CI: 1.15, 2.35) for O3. The joint effect of PM2.5 and O3 was substantially higher, an adjusted RR of 3.63 (95% CI: 2.16, 6.10), than what would have been expected from their independent effects (0.99 for PM2.5 and 1.34 for O3). The relative risk due to interaction (RERI) was 2.30 (95% CI: 0.95, 4.57). DISCUSSION: Our results strengthen the evidence that exposure to fairly low-level air pollution during pregnancy increases the risk of PTB. We provide novel observations indicating that individual air pollutants such as PM2.5 and O3 may act synergistically potentiating each other's adverse effects.
BACKGROUND: There is some evidence that prenatal exposure to low-level air pollution increases the risk of preterm birth (PTB), but little is known about synergistic effects of different pollutants. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the independent and joint effects of prenatal exposure to air pollution during the entire duration of pregnancy. METHODS: The study population consisted of the 2568 members of the Espoo Cohort Study, born between 1984 and 1990, and living in the City of Espoo, Finland. We assessed individual-level prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants of interest at all the residential addresses from conception to birth. The pollutant concentrations were estimated both by using regional-to-city-scale dispersion modelling and land-use regression-based method. We applied Poisson regression analysis to estimate the adjusted risk ratios (RRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) by comparing the risk of PTB among babies with the highest quartile (Q4) of exposure during the entire duration of pregnancy with those with the lower exposure quartiles (Q1-Q3). We adjusted for season of birth, maternal age, sex of the baby, family's socioeconomic status, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during pregnancy, single parenthood, and exposure to other air pollutants (only in multi-pollutant models) in the analysis. RESULTS: In a multi-pollutant model estimating the effects of exposure during entire pregnancy, the adjusted RR was 1.37 (95% CI: 0.85, 2.23) for PM2.5 and 1.64 (95% CI: 1.15, 2.35) for O3. The joint effect of PM2.5 and O3 was substantially higher, an adjusted RR of 3.63 (95% CI: 2.16, 6.10), than what would have been expected from their independent effects (0.99 for PM2.5 and 1.34 for O3). The relative risk due to interaction (RERI) was 2.30 (95% CI: 0.95, 4.57). DISCUSSION: Our results strengthen the evidence that exposure to fairly low-level air pollution during pregnancy increases the risk of PTB. We provide novel observations indicating that individual air pollutants such as PM2.5 and O3 may act synergistically potentiating each other's adverse effects.
Authors: Dmitri A Kalashnikov; Jordan L Schnell; John T Abatzoglou; Daniel L Swain; Deepti Singh Journal: Sci Adv Date: 2022-01-05 Impact factor: 14.136
Authors: Valentin Simoncic; Christophe Enaux; Séverine Deguen; Wahida Kihal-Talantikite Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-11-03 Impact factor: 3.390