Patterns of DNA methylation as an indicator of biological aging: State of the science and future directions in precision health promotion.

BACKGROUND: A rapidly expanding literature suggests that individuals of the same chronological age show significant variation in biological age.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to review the literature surrounding epigenetic age as estimated by DNA methylation, involving the addition or removal of methyl groups to DNA that can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.
METHODS: This state of the science literature review summarizes current approaches in epigenetic age determination and applications of aging algorithms.
FINDINGS: A number of algorithms estimate epigenetic age using DNA methylation markers, primarily among adults. Algorithm application has focused on determining predictive value for risk of disease and death and identifying antecedents to age acceleration. Several studies have incorporated epigenetic age to evaluate intervention effectiveness. DISCUSSION: As the research community continues to refine aging algorithms, there may be opportunity to promote health from a precision health perspective.