Developmental programming of adult haematopoiesis system.

The Barker hypothesis of 'foetal origin of adult diseases' has led to emphasize the concept of 'developmental programming', based on the crucial role of epigenetic factors. Accordingly, it has been demonstrated that parental adversity (before conception and during pregnancy) and foetal factors (i.e., hypoxia, malnutrition and placental insufficiency) permanently modify the physiological systems of the progeny, predisposing them to premature ageing and chronic disease during adulthood. Thus, an altered functionality of the endocrine, immune, nervous and cardiovascular systems is observed in the progeny. However, it remains to be understood whether the haematopoietic system itself also represents a portrait of foetal programming. Here, we provide evidence, reporting and discussing related theories, and results of studies described in the literature. In addition, we have outlined our opinions and suggest how it is possible to intervene to correct foetal mal-programming. Some pro-health interventions and recommendations are proposed, with the hope of guarantee the health of future generations and trying to combat the continuous increase in age-related diseases in human populations.