Ann McNeill1,2, Pete Driezen3, Sara C Hitchman1,2, K Michael Cummings4,5, Geoffrey T Fong3,6,7, Ron Borland8,9. 1. Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. 2. UK Centre for Tobacco & Alcohol Studies, UK. 3. Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. 4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. 5. Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. 6. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. 7. Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 8. Cancer Council Victoria Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 9. School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It has been proposed that many smokers switch to vaping because their nicotine addiction makes this their only viable route out of smoking. We compared indicators of prior and current cigarette smoking dependence and of relapse in former smokers who were daily users of nicotine vaping products ('vapers') or who were not vaping at the time of survey ('non-vapers'). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey-based comparison between vaping and non-vaping former smokers, including a weighted logistic regression of vaping status onto predictor variables, adjusting for covariates specified below. SETTING: United States, Canada, Australia and England. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1070 people aged 18+ years from the 2016 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 1 Survey who reported having ever been daily smokers but who stopped less than 2 years ago and who were currently vapers or non-vapers. MEASUREMENTS: Dependent variable was current vaping status. Predictor variables were self-reported: (1) smoking within 5 minutes of waking and usual daily cigarette consumption, both assessed retrospectively; (2) current perceived addiction to smoking, urges to smoke and confidence in staying quit. Covariates: country, sample sources, sex, age group, ethnicity, income, education, current nicotine replacement therapy use and time since quitting. FINDINGS: Vapers were more likely than non-vapers to report: (1) having smoked within 5 minutes of waking [34.3 versus 15.9%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.99, 7.03), χ2 = 16.92, P < 0.001]; having smoked > 10 cigarettes/day (74.4 versus 47.2%, aOR = 4.39, 95% CI = 2.22, 8.68), χ2 = 18.18, P < 0.001); (2) perceiving themselves to be still very addicted to smoking (41.3 versus 26.2%, aOR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.58, 5.30, χ2 = 11.87, P < 0.001) and feeling extremely confident about staying quit (62.1 versus 36.6%, aOR = 3.22, 95% CI = 1.86, 5.59, χ2 = 17.36, P < 0.001). Vapers were not more likely to report any urges to smoke than non-vapers (27.7 versus 38.8%, aOR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.44, 1.65, χ2 = 0.21, P = 0.643). CONCLUSIONS: While former smokers who currently vape nicotine daily report higher levels of cigarette smoking dependence pre- and post-cessation compared with former smokers who are current non-vapers, they report greater confidence in staying quit and similar strength of urges to smoke.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It has been proposed that many smokers switch to vaping because their nicotine addiction makes this their only viable route out of smoking. We compared indicators of prior and current cigarette smoking dependence and of relapse in former smokers who were daily users of nicotine vaping products ('vapers') or who were not vaping at the time of survey ('non-vapers'). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey-based comparison between vaping and non-vaping former smokers, including a weighted logistic regression of vaping status onto predictor variables, adjusting for covariates specified below. SETTING: United States, Canada, Australia and England. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1070 people aged 18+ years from the 2016 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 1 Survey who reported having ever been daily smokers but who stopped less than 2 years ago and who were currently vapers or non-vapers. MEASUREMENTS: Dependent variable was current vaping status. Predictor variables were self-reported: (1) smoking within 5 minutes of waking and usual daily cigarette consumption, both assessed retrospectively; (2) current perceived addiction to smoking, urges to smoke and confidence in staying quit. Covariates: country, sample sources, sex, age group, ethnicity, income, education, current nicotine replacement therapy use and time since quitting. FINDINGS: Vapers were more likely than non-vapers to report: (1) having smoked within 5 minutes of waking [34.3 versus 15.9%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.99, 7.03), χ2 = 16.92, P < 0.001]; having smoked > 10 cigarettes/day (74.4 versus 47.2%, aOR = 4.39, 95% CI = 2.22, 8.68), χ2 = 18.18, P < 0.001); (2) perceiving themselves to be still very addicted to smoking (41.3 versus 26.2%, aOR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.58, 5.30, χ2 = 11.87, P < 0.001) and feeling extremely confident about staying quit (62.1 versus 36.6%, aOR = 3.22, 95% CI = 1.86, 5.59, χ2 = 17.36, P < 0.001). Vapers were not more likely to report any urges to smoke than non-vapers (27.7 versus 38.8%, aOR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.44, 1.65, χ2 = 0.21, P = 0.643). CONCLUSIONS: While former smokers who currently vape nicotine daily report higher levels of cigarette smoking dependence pre- and post-cessation compared with former smokers who are current non-vapers, they report greater confidence in staying quit and similar strength of urges to smoke.
Authors: Rita Almeida; Carolina Barbosa; Bruno Pereira; Mateus Diniz; Antoni Baena; Ana Conde Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2022-05-28 Impact factor: 4.614
Authors: Patricia A Cioe; Alana N Mercurio; William Lechner; Catherine C Costantino; Jennifer W Tidey; Thomas Eissenberg; Christopher W Kahler Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2019-10-28 Impact factor: 4.852
Authors: Shannon Gravely; Gang Meng; K Michael Cummings; Andrew Hyland; Ron Borland; David Hammond; Richard J O'Connor; Maciej L Goniewicz; Karin A Kasza; Ann McNeill; Mary E Thompson; Sara C Hitchman; David T Levy; James F Thrasher; Anne C K Quah; Nadia Martin; Janine Ouimet; Christian Boudreau; Geoffrey T Fong Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2020-09-27 Impact factor: 3.390