Stimulating and maintaining spontaneous breathing during transition of preterm infants.

Most preterm infants breathe at birth, but need additional respiratory support due to immaturity of the lung and respiratory control mechanisms. To avoid lung injury, the focus of respiratory support has shifted from invasive towards non-invasive ventilation. However, applying effective non-invasive ventilation is difficult due to mask leak and airway obstruction. The larynx has been overlooked as one of the causes for obstruction, preventing face mask ventilation from inflating the lung. The larynx remains mostly closed at birth, only opening briefly during a spontaneous breath. Stimulating and supporting spontaneous breathing could enhance the success of non-invasive ventilation by ensuring that the larynx remains open. Maintaining adequate spontaneous breathing and thereby reducing the need for invasive ventilation is not only important directly after birth, but also in the first hours after admission to the NICU. Respiratory distress syndrome is an important cause of respiratory failure. Traditionally, treatment of RDS required intubation and mechanical ventilation to administer exogenous surfactant. However, new ways have been implemented to administer surfactant and preserve spontaneous breathing while maintaining non-invasive support. In this narrative review we aim to describe interventions focused on stimulation and maintenance of spontaneous breathing of preterm infants in the first hours after birth.