Fulu Dong1,2, Ping Yang3, Rui Wang1,2, Wenxing Sun4, Yonghui Zhang1,2, Aiting Wang1,2, Miaomiao Chen1,2, Lu Chen1,2, Chong Zhang1,2, Ming Jiang1,2. 1. Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors and Cancer Research, Basic Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China. 2. Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Cancer Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China. 3. Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China. 4. College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The increasing incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) indicates an urgent need for the development of new effective drugs in PCa therapy. Triptonide has been reported to have a strong inhibition activity in cancers through screening of Chinese herbal medicine. This study aims to investigate the effects of triptonide on anti-PCa activity and its mechanisms. METHODS: Three human advanced PCa cell lines PC3, DU145, and LNCap, and a human normal prostate epithelial cell line RWPE were treated with a range (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 nM) of triptonide concentrations for 72 hours respectively. Then, cell viability was assessed by cell counting kit-8. PCa cells were treated with different doses (0-20 nM) of triptonide for 72 hours. Cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry assays. Nude mice bearing human PCa xenografts were intraperitoneally injected daily with either triptonide (10 mg/kg/d) or phosphate-buffered saline as a control for 35 days. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed by an Illumina Hiseq Sequencing platform and confirmed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, and ingenuity pathway analysis were used to analyze RNA-seq results. RESULTS: Triptonide effectively inhibits the proliferation of human PCa cells PC3, DU145, and LNCap in vitro with their IC50 values as 11.961, 10.259, and 12.012 nM, respectively. Triptonide (10 mg/kg) potently inhibits the growth of PCa cell xenografts in vivo at an inhibition rate of over 97.95%. Treatment with triptonide (5 nM) significantly promotes cell apoptosis and retaining cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. RNA-seq data revealed that total of 936 genes were upregulated or downregulated in triptonide treated. Moreover, the phosphorylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the downstream protein p70S6K were both inhibited, most obviously in PCa cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that triptonide can efficaciously suppress PCa growth in vitro and in vivo via inhibiting the phosphorylation of mTOR and the activities of related downstream signaling pathways.
BACKGROUND: The increasing incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) indicates an urgent need for the development of new effective drugs in PCa therapy. Triptonide has been reported to have a strong inhibition activity in cancers through screening of Chinese herbal medicine. This study aims to investigate the effects of triptonide on anti-PCa activity and its mechanisms. METHODS: Three human advanced PCa cell lines PC3, DU145, and LNCap, and a human normal prostate epithelial cell line RWPE were treated with a range (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 nM) of triptonide concentrations for 72 hours respectively. Then, cell viability was assessed by cell counting kit-8. PCa cells were treated with different doses (0-20 nM) of triptonide for 72 hours. Cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry assays. Nude mice bearing human PCa xenografts were intraperitoneally injected daily with either triptonide (10 mg/kg/d) or phosphate-buffered saline as a control for 35 days. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed by an Illumina Hiseq Sequencing platform and confirmed by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, and ingenuity pathway analysis were used to analyze RNA-seq results. RESULTS:Triptonide effectively inhibits the proliferation of humanPCa cells PC3, DU145, and LNCap in vitro with their IC50 values as 11.961, 10.259, and 12.012 nM, respectively. Triptonide (10 mg/kg) potently inhibits the growth of PCa cell xenografts in vivo at an inhibition rate of over 97.95%. Treatment with triptonide (5 nM) significantly promotes cell apoptosis and retaining cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. RNA-seq data revealed that total of 936 genes were upregulated or downregulated in triptonide treated. Moreover, the phosphorylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the downstream protein p70S6K were both inhibited, most obviously in PCa cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that triptonide can efficaciously suppress PCa growth in vitro and in vivo via inhibiting the phosphorylation of mTOR and the activities of related downstream signaling pathways.