Outpatient Dialysis for Acute Kidney Injury: Progress and Pitfalls.

Dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury (AKI) has increased markedly in the United States. At the same time, mortality rates have recently improved. As such, increasing numbers of patients with AKI are surviving to hospital discharge, including up to 30% who will continue to require outpatient dialysis. In recent years, policy changes have significantly affected the care of this high-risk population. Beginning in 2017, new legislation reversed a previous Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services policy that prohibited dialysis for AKI at end-stage renal disease (ESRD) facilities. This has improved dialysis options for patients, but the impact on patient outcomes remains uncertain. Unfortunately, there is currently a lack of evidence basis to guide management of this vulnerable patient population. Moving forward, additional data reporting and analyses will be required, analogous to how the US Renal Data System has helped inform ESRD care. As the dialysis setting for patients with AKI shifts to the ESRD setting, it is incumbent on the nephrology community to identify best practices to promote kidney recovery, recognizing that these practices will differ from standard ESRD protocols.