Steven V Iasella1, Ningguan Sun2, Xin Zhang2, Timothy E Corcoran3, Stephen Garoff4, Todd M Przybycien5, Robert D Tilton6. 1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2). Electronic address: siasella@andrew.cmu.edu. 2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2). 3. Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(3). Electronic address: cocorante@upmc.edu. 4. Department of Physics, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2). Electronic address: sg2e@andrew.cmu.edu. 5. Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2); Department of Βiomedical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2). Electronic address: przybt3@rpi.edu. 6. Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2); Department of Βiomedical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2). Electronic address: tilton@cmu.edu.
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS: Surfactant-driven Marangoni flow on liquid films is predicted to depend on subphase depth and initial surface tension difference between the subphase and deposited surfactant solution drop. Changes in flow behavior will impact transport of soluble species entrained in the Marangoni flow along the surface. In extreme cases, the subphase film may rupture, limiting transport. Understanding this behavior is important for applications in drug delivery, coatings, and oil spill remediation. EXPERIMENTS: A trans-illumination optical technique measured the subphase height profiles and drop content transport after drop deposition when varying initial subphase depth, surfactant concentration, and subphase viscosity. FINDINGS: Three distinct flow regimes were identified depending on the subphase depth and surfactant concentration and mapped onto an operating diagram. These are characterized as a "central depression" bounded by an outwardly traveling ridge, an "annular depression" bounded by a central dome and the traveling ridge, and an "annular dewetting" when the subphase ruptures. Well above the critical micelle concentration, transitions between regimes occur at characteristic ratios of gravitational and initial surface tension gradient stresses; transitions shift when surfactant dilution during spreading weakens the stress before the completion of the spreading event. Drop contents travel with the ridge, but dewetting hinders transport.
HYPOTHESIS: Surfactant-driven Marangoni flow on liquid films is predicted to depend on subphase depth and initial surface tension difference between the subphase and deposited surfactant solution drop. Changes in flow behavior will impact transport of soluble species entrained in the Marangoni flow along the surface. In extreme cases, the subphase film may rupture, limiting transport. Understanding this behavior is important for applications in drug delivery, coatings, and oil spill remediation. EXPERIMENTS: A trans-illumination optical technique measured the subphase height profiles and drop content transport after drop deposition when varying initial subphase depth, surfactant concentration, and subphase viscosity. FINDINGS: Three distinct flow regimes were identified depending on the subphase depth and surfactant concentration and mapped onto an operating diagram. These are characterized as a "central depression" bounded by an outwardly traveling ridge, an "annular depression" bounded by a central dome and the traveling ridge, and an "annular dewetting" when the subphase ruptures. Well above the critical micelle concentration, transitions between regimes occur at characteristic ratios of gravitational and initial surface tension gradient stresses; transitions shift when surfactant dilution during spreading weakens the stress before the completion of the spreading event. Drop contents travel with the ridge, but dewetting hinders transport.