Yongjian Liu1, Ji Li2, Shibo Wang3, Minjiang Chen1, Jing Zhao1, Delina Jiang1, Wei Zhong1, Yan Xu1, Mengzhao Wang1. 1. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China. 2. Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China. 3. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Weifang Respiratory Disease Hospital & Weifang No.2 People's Hospital, Weifang 261042, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pneumonic-type lung carcinoma is a special type of lung cancer both clinically and radiologically. Here we present our experience on pneumonic-type lung carcinoma in an attempt to investigate the clinical, radiological and pathological features, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and prognosis of this type of tumor. METHODS: Pathologically confirmed lung cancer with a chest CT characterized by ground glass opacity or consolidation was defined as pneumonic-type lung carcinoma. Cases with advanced pneumonic-type lung carcinoma admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from January 1, 2013 to August 30, 2018 were enrolled. Retrospective analysis of clinical data and survival follow-up of these patients was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 46 cases were enrolled, all of which were adenocarcinoma. Cough (41/46, 89.1%) and expectoration (35/46, 76.1%) were the most prominent symptoms. The most frequent chest CT findings were ground glass attenuation (87.0%), patchy consolidation (84.8%), and multiple ground-glass nodules (84.8%). Multiple cystic changes (40%) and cavitation (13%) were also quite frequent. Ipsilateral and contralateral intrapulmonary metastasis were noted in 95.3% and 84.8% of cases respectively. The median duration from symptom onset to diagnosis was 214 days (95%CI: 129-298). Both surgical lung biopsy and CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy had a diagnostic yield of 100%. Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) combined with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) had a diagnostic yield of 80.9% (17/21). Sputum cytology had a diagnostic yield of 45% (9/20). Twenty-six cases were invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (26/46, 56.5%) and the remainder were unable to identify pathological subtypes due to lack of adequate biopsy sample size. EGFR mutation was detected in 15.8% (6/38) of patients and ALK rearrangement was detected in 3.0% (1/33) of patients. The median overall survival for these patients was 522 d (95%CI: 424-619). In patients without EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement, chemotherapy significantly improved survival (HR=0.155, P=0.002,2). The median overall survival was 547 d (95%CI: 492-602 d) with chemotherapy and 331 d (95%CI: 22-919) without chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of pneumonic-type carcinoma is usually delayed due to clinical and radiological features mimicking pulmonary infection. TBLB combined with BAL has a quite high diagnostic yield. The most frequent histological type is invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma. The incidence of EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement is low in pneumonic-type carcinoma. For patients without cancer driver genes, chemotherapy is recommended to improve overall survival.
BACKGROUND:Pneumonic-type lung carcinoma is a special type of lung cancer both clinically and radiologically. Here we present our experience on pneumonic-type lung carcinoma in an attempt to investigate the clinical, radiological and pathological features, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and prognosis of this type of tumor. METHODS: Pathologically confirmed lung cancer with a chest CT characterized by ground glass opacity or consolidation was defined as pneumonic-type lung carcinoma. Cases with advanced pneumonic-type lung carcinoma admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from January 1, 2013 to August 30, 2018 were enrolled. Retrospective analysis of clinical data and survival follow-up of these patients was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 46 cases were enrolled, all of which were adenocarcinoma. Cough (41/46, 89.1%) and expectoration (35/46, 76.1%) were the most prominent symptoms. The most frequent chest CT findings were ground glass attenuation (87.0%), patchy consolidation (84.8%), and multiple ground-glass nodules (84.8%). Multiple cystic changes (40%) and cavitation (13%) were also quite frequent. Ipsilateral and contralateral intrapulmonary metastasis were noted in 95.3% and 84.8% of cases respectively. The median duration from symptom onset to diagnosis was 214 days (95%CI: 129-298). Both surgical lung biopsy and CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy had a diagnostic yield of 100%. Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) combined with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) had a diagnostic yield of 80.9% (17/21). Sputum cytology had a diagnostic yield of 45% (9/20). Twenty-six cases were invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (26/46, 56.5%) and the remainder were unable to identify pathological subtypes due to lack of adequate biopsy sample size. EGFR mutation was detected in 15.8% (6/38) of patients and ALK rearrangement was detected in 3.0% (1/33) of patients. The median overall survival for these patients was 522 d (95%CI: 424-619). In patients without EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement, chemotherapy significantly improved survival (HR=0.155, P=0.002,2). The median overall survival was 547 d (95%CI: 492-602 d) with chemotherapy and 331 d (95%CI: 22-919) without chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of pneumonic-type carcinoma is usually delayed due to clinical and radiological features mimicking pulmonary infection. TBLB combined with BAL has a quite high diagnostic yield. The most frequent histological type is invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma. The incidence of EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement is low in pneumonic-type carcinoma. For patients without cancer driver genes, chemotherapy is recommended to improve overall survival.
肺癌目前是全球死亡率最高的肿瘤[,其中非小细胞肺癌约占肺癌总数的85%,腺癌在非小细胞肺癌中约占55%[。在临床实践中,有一种特殊类型的肺癌,肺部影像学表现类似于肺炎,患者以咳嗽、咳痰为主要临床表现,可间断有发热,抗感染后肺内病变无明显吸收,随着病情进展,患者出现明显的咳泡沫样痰,甚至痰量非常的大,严重时可导致呼吸衰竭,最终依靠病理诊断为肺腺癌,临床上常称之为肺炎型肺癌(pneumonic-type lung carcinoma)。这类肺腺癌有独特的临床表现、影像学特征,发病初期由于难以与肺部感染鉴别,往往导致诊断延误,此类肺腺癌病理亚型多为浸润性粘液腺癌,但通常检测不到常见的表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)或间变淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK)等肺腺癌驱动基因,治疗方法相对较少。因此,肺炎型肺癌是一种特殊类型的肺癌。2011年,国际肺癌研究协会/美国胸科协会/欧洲呼吸协会(International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society, IASLC/ATS/ERS)联合颁布了新的肺腺癌病理分型[,其中一个重要的变化,是将原有的细支气管肺泡癌进行了拆分,因为细支气管肺泡癌包含有多种不同的病理类型(例如粘液性与非粘液性、浸润性与非浸润性),临床表现差异巨大,临床预后截然不同。目前粘液性细支气管肺泡癌的名称已经不再应用,而部分定义为肺浸润性粘液腺癌,属于浸润性腺癌亚型的一种。肺炎型肺癌的影像学表现以磨玻璃影或实变影为特征,其病理多为肺浸润性粘液腺癌,由于肺泡腔内肿瘤细胞及粘液的填充而形成独特的影像表现[。本研究对肺炎型肺癌的临床特征进行总结和分析,以期提高对于该病的临床认识,提供最佳诊断措施,并评估治疗方案疗效及预后。
肺癌病理诊断基于2011年IASLC/ATS/ERS肺腺癌国际多学科新标准[。肺癌临床分期依国际抗癌联盟(Union for International Cancer Control, UICC)第七版肺癌TNM分期标准[。肿瘤疗效评价依据实体瘤疗效评价标准1.1版(Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours, version 1.1, RECIST 1.1)[。
Imaging findings of pneumonic-type lung carcinoma. A: Consolidation with air-bronchogram in the right middle and lower lobes. Ground-glass attenuation in the left lower lobe. Multiple ground-glass nodules in both lungs. B: Ground-glass attenuation in both lunges with left interlobar pleural thickening. Note a small nodule in the right lower lobe. C: Diffuse ground-glass attenuation in both lungs, with multiple bubble-like low attenuation and ground-glass nodules. D: Consolidation and ground-glass attenuation in the left lower lobe with multiple bubble-like low attenuation and cavitation.
1
肺炎型肺癌的肺部CT影像学表现
Chest CT features of pneumonic-type lung carcinoma
Chest CT features
Number of patients
Percentage
CT: computed tomography.
Ground glass attenuation
40
87.0%
Patchy consolidation
39
84.8%
Air-bronchogram
37
80.4%
Bronchial leafless tree sign
29
63.0%
Multiple ground-glass nodules
39
84.8%
Interlobular fissure edge bulging
15
32.6%
Bubble-like low attenuation
17
40.0%
Cavity
6
13.0%
Nodule or mass
9
19.6%
CT angiogram sign (34 cases)
22
64.7%
Different ipsilateral lobe pulmonary nodules
43
93.5%
Contralateral pulmonary nodules
39
84.8%
Pleural metastasis
16
34.8%
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
29
63.0%
肺炎型肺癌的影像学表现。A:右中下肺多发实变影伴支气管充气征,左下肺片状磨玻璃影,双肺多发磨玻璃结节。B:双肺多发片状磨玻璃影,伴左侧叶间胸膜增厚, 右下肺小结节。C:双肺弥漫磨玻璃影伴多发囊性改变,双肺多发磨玻璃结节。D:左下肺磨玻璃实变影中有囊性破坏及空洞形成。Imaging findings of pneumonic-type lung carcinoma. A: Consolidation with air-bronchogram in the right middle and lower lobes. Ground-glass attenuation in the left lower lobe. Multiple ground-glass nodules in both lungs. B: Ground-glass attenuation in both lunges with left interlobar pleural thickening. Note a small nodule in the right lower lobe. C: Diffuse ground-glass attenuation in both lungs, with multiple bubble-like low attenuation and ground-glass nodules. D: Consolidation and ground-glass attenuation in the left lower lobe with multiple bubble-like low attenuation and cavitation.肺炎型肺癌的肺部CT影像学表现Chest CT features of pneumonic-type lung carcinoma
The duration from symptom onset to diagnosis (A), progression-free survival for patients underwent chemotherapy (B), and the overall survival of pneumonic-type lung carcinoma patients (C).
肺炎型肺癌患者自出现症状至确诊的时间(A),化疗相关无疾病进展时间(B)及总生存期(C)。The duration from symptom onset to diagnosis (A), progression-free survival for patients underwent chemotherapy (B), and the overall survival of pneumonic-type lung carcinomapatients (C).病理分型,26例(26/46, 56.5%)为浸润性肺粘液腺癌,另外20例(20/46, 43.5%)患者因为活检标本太小,或者为细胞学标本,仅诊断为腺癌,无法进一步区分病理亚型。5例外科肺活检的患者均明确分型为浸润性粘液腺癌。对38例进行了EGFR基因检测,仅6例(6/38, 15.8%)检测到EGFR突变。33例ALK基因检测,仅1例(1/33, 3%)有ALK基因重排。另有3例检测到KRAS突变,1例患者检测到BRAFV600E突变。在明确诊断粘液腺癌的26例患者中,22例完成EGFR基因检测,仅1例(1/22, 4.5%)有EGFR突变exon19 del;17例做ALK基因检测,仅1例(1/17, 5.9%)患者有ALK重排。
Overall survival in patients with pneumonic-type lung carcinoma. A: Kaplan-Meier estimates in patients with chemotherapy versus non-chemotherapy. B: Kaplan-Meier estimates in patients with EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement versus patients without EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement. C: Kaplan-Meier estimates in patients without EGFR mutation or ALK arrangement with chemotherapy versus non-chemotherapy.
肺炎型肺癌患者的总生存期。A:化疗组患者对比无化疗组患者的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;B:EGFR突变或ALK重排的患者对比无EGFR突变或ALK重排患者的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线;C:无EGFR或ALK重排的患者,化疗组对比无化疗组的Kaplan-Meier生存曲线。Overall survival in patients with pneumonic-type lung carcinoma. A: Kaplan-Meier estimates in patients with chemotherapy versus non-chemotherapy. B: Kaplan-Meier estimates in patients with EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement versus patients without EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement. C: Kaplan-Meier estimates in patients without EGFR mutation or ALK arrangement with chemotherapy versus non-chemotherapy.
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