Is ultrasound-guided lavage an effective intervention for rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy? A systematic review with a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy is characterised by the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in one of the rotator cuff tendons and can be managed by ultrasound-guided lavage. However, evidence regarding the efficacy of ultrasound-guided lavage for rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy remains inconclusive. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to update the available evidence on the efficacy of ultrasound-guided lavage in adults with rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy.
METHODS: A literature search was conducted up to April 2018 in four bibliographic databases to identify randomised control trials that compared ultrasound-guided lavage alone with other interventions to treat rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy. Randomised control trials were assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Meta-analyses and/or qualitative synthesis of the evidence were performed.
RESULTS: Three randomised control trials were included. Pooled results for pain (n=226) indicated that ultrasound-guided lavage may significantly decrease pain when compared with shockwave therapy, with a mean difference of -1.98 out of 10 points (95% CI -2.52 to -1.45) in the short term and of -1.84 (95% CI -2.63 to -1.04) in the long term. Based on one trial (n=25), ultrasound-guided lavage significantly improved function when compared with shockwave therapy (p<0.05). Based on another trial (n=48), the addition of ultrasound-guided lavage to a corticosteroid injection significantly improves function in the long term (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION: For individuals with rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy, low-quality evidence suggests that ultrasound-guided lavage is more effective than shockwave therapy or a corticosteroid injection alone. Future trials could modify the present conclusions. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018095858.

Rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy is characterised by the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in one of the rotator cuff tendons.

Rotator cuff calcific deposit is more prevalent in adults with subacromial pain syndrome.

It is unclear whether ultrasound-guided lavage has beneficial effects compared with conventional interventions in the treatment of rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy.

Low-quality evidence suggests that ultrasound-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection is more effective than shockwave therapy in the treatment of rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy.

Low-quality evidence suggests that the addition of ultrasound-guided lavage to a corticosteroid injection is beneficial for adults with rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy.

Introduction

Shoulder pain is highly prevalent, and among musculoskeletal disorders, it is the third most common reason for visiting a primary care physician.1–3 One common shoulder disorder resulting in pain and loss of function is rotator cuff (RC) calcific tendinopathy. The estimated prevalence of RC calcific deposit is of 7.8% in asymptomatic adults and of 42.5% in adults with subacromial pain syndrome.4 The prevalence is higher in middle-age adults and in women.4–6 RC calcific tendinopathy is characterised by the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in one of the RC tendons,7 most commonly the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons.4 8 9 RC calcific tendinopathy is often classified into three stages which are precalcific, calcific and postcalcific stages8 10 and the time course of these different stages can evolve within a few months to several years.10

Initial conservative treatment of RC calcific tendinopathy consists of physiotherapy including an exercise programme11 and may also include therapeutic ultrasound.12 Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can also be prescribed for pain management.10 If initial conservative treatment fails, other treatments may be prescribed, as a second-line treatment, such as corticosteroid injections or shockwave therapy.8 10 Arthroscopic debridement may be considered only in severe chronic recalcitrant cases.8 10

Ultrasound-guided lavage (US-guided lavage), as a second-line treatment, has gained popularity in the last decades. US-guided lavage is a minimally invasive intervention consisting in the introduction of a needle into the calcific deposit. A saline and/or an anaesthetic solution is then injected into the calcification with several short injections, each followed by release of pressure on the plunger to allow the solution and calcific material to evacuate back into the syringe.8 US-guided lavage is often followed by a subacromial corticosteroid injection.8 Although several studies have investigated the use of US-guided lavage, it is unclear whether this intervention has beneficial effects compared with conventional interventions. There is a lack of standardisation in the definition of the US-guided lavage intervention.13 Most reviews on US-guided lavage also included needle fragmentation without lavage.6 10 14 15 US-guided needle fragmentation is a procedure that is similar to US-guided lavage; however, it does not include the lavage procedure and may not be as efficient for calcification removal.8 13 Pooling of US-guided lavage and needle fragmentation without lavage is then debatable since those two interventions are different.13

Louwerens et al,6 published a systematic review on the efficacy of interventions for chronic symptomatic RC calcific tendinopathy. However, they included only one randomised control trial (RCT) on US-guided lavage.16 They concluded that US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection was no more effective than a corticosteroid injection alone in terms of function. Two other network meta-analyses have been published more recently in relation to treatments of RC calcific tendinopathy.10 14 Both reviews recommended the use of US-guided lavage for RC calcific tendinopathy. However, US-guided lavage and US-guided needling fragmentation were pooled together. Moreover, none of these reviews analysed the efficacy of US-guided lavage on self-reported function and the authors did not include all relevant RCTs on this topic. Consequently, an update of the available evidence is warranted.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to update the available evidence on the efficacy of US-guided lavage compared with any other interventions in adults with RC calcific tendinopathy.

Methods

The study protocol is available online on PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/).

Literature search

An electronic bibliographical search of four databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central and CINAHL) was performed up to April 2018 using terms related to shoulder, RC, tendinopathy, calcified, needling and irrigation (see online supplemental material for full strategy). The reference lists of all identified published studies and previous systematic reviews were checked for any additional eligible trials.

Study selection

Two reviewers (SL and MS) independently reviewed titles and abstracts to identify trials of interest. Consensus of the two reviewers was needed to include the studies. A third reviewer (PD-C) was available if a consensus was not achieved by the two initial reviewers.

Articles were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: (1) participants were adults diagnosed with RC calcific tendinopathy confirmed by radiography or ultrasound imaging; (2) the intervention included US-guided lavage (specifically lavage and not only fragmentation) alone or in conjunction with another intervention such as a corticosteroid injection; (3) the intervention was compared with a placebo or any other intervention; (4) at least one outcome measure was related to pain, function, health-related quality of life, return to work, satisfaction, a global rating of change or to calcification size; (5) the study was an RCT and (6) was published either in English or in French. Studies were excluded if participants presented a full-thickness RC tear, a postsurgical condition or any other concomitant shoulder, upper limb or neck disorder.

Data extraction

Data of included studies were extracted with a standardised form that documented the number of participants, their characteristics, the type of intervention (US-guided lavage alone or in conjunction with another intervention), the control intervention, outcome measures, length of the follow-up and results (table 1). When data were missing, or incomplete, original authors were contacted.

Table 1

Characteristics of included studies

Study	Participants	Interventions	N	Outcome	Follow-up	Main results (95% CI)	Conflict of interest	Risk of bias
De Boer et al 201718	Adults with chronic shoulder pain (more than 6 months), confirmed calcification in the RC tendons on radiography, previously failed conservative treatment, mean age=53 (48% female)	Intervention: US-guided lavage with aspiration and a corticosteroid injection (1 mL of Depo-Medrol 40 mg/mL and lidocaine 1%)Control: RSWT (4 sessions over 4 weeks)	1114	Pain (NRS)OSSCMS	6 weeks and12 months	Mean difference in score, US-guided lavage vs RSWT at 6 weeks: Pain (NRS): −1.60 (−3.75 to 0.55) p=0.14 OSS: 2.30 (−7.74 to 12.34) p=0.65 CMS: 11.70 (0.01 to 23.39) p=0.05* Mixed model showed a significant interaction for CMS at 6 weeks in favour of US-guided lavage (p=0.02)*Mean difference in score, US-guided lavage vs RSWT at 12 months: Pain (NRS): −0.20 (−3.84 to 3.44) p=0.91 OSS: 4.10 (−15.01 to 23.21) p=0.67	None	43%
de Witte et al 2013 and 201716	Adults (18 to 65 years old) with chronic shoulder pain (more than 3 months), confirmed calcification of more than 3 mm in the RC tendons on radiography, previously failed conservative treatment, mean age=52.0±7.3 (52% female)	Intervention: US-guided lavage with aspiration and a corticosteroid injection (5 mL of bupivacaine 5 mg/mL, 1 mL of Depo-Medrol 40 mg/mL and lidocaine 1%)Control: corticosteroid injection (same as group 1)	2325	Calcification sizeCMSWORCDASH	6 weeks,3 months,6 months,12 months and60 months	In mixed-model analysis, the mean overall effect of US-guided lavage on final score: CMS: 17.9 (2.0 to 33.7)* WORC: 33.1 (8.1 to 58.0)* DASH: no significant effect Mean difference in change-from-baseline US-guided lavage vs corticosteroid injection at 12 months:Calcification size (mm): −6.50 (−9.94 to −3.06) p<0.01*	This study is part of a larger project funded by ZonMw, the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (NOW) and the Dutch Arthritis Association	79%
Del Castillo-Gonzalez et al 201620	Adults with chronic shoulder pain (more than 6 months), confirmed calcification of at least 5 mm in the RC tendon by clinical examinations, radiography and ultrasound, mean age=49±7 (68% female)	Intervention: US-guided lavage with aspiration and a corticosteroid injection (10 mL of mepivacaine 2% and 2+5 mL of triamcinolone)Control: ESWT (8 sessions over 4 weeks)	12180	Pain (VAS)Calcification size	3 months,6 months and12 months	Mean difference in score, US-guided lavage vs ESWT at 3 months: Pain (VAS): US-guided lavage: −2.01 (−2.56 to −1.46) p<0.01* Calcification size (mm): −2.03 (−3.26 to −0.80) p<0.01* Mean difference in score, US-guided lavage vs ESWT at 12 months: Pain (VAS): −1.92 (−2.73 to −1.11) p<0.01* Calcification size (mm): −3.11 (−4.53 to −1.69) p<0.01*	None	43%

*Statistically significant p≤0.05.

CMS, Constant-Murley Score; DASH, Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand; ESWT, extracorporeal shockwave therapy; NRS, numerical rating scale; OSS, Oxford Shoulder Score; RC, rotator cuff; RSWT, radial shockwave therapy; UGL, ultrasound-guided lavage; VAS, Visual analogue scale; WORC, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff.

Risk of bias appraisal tool

The methodological quality of the included RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool17 by two independent evaluators (SL and MS). The final score was obtained through consensus. In case of disagreement, a third reviewer (PD-C) was available to achieve a consensus. For each trial, a total final score was also calculated and transformed in percentage allowing a summary measure of the overall risk of bias.

Data synthesis

Results from studies with similar comparators and outcome measures such as pain, function, quality of life and measures of impairment such range of motion, shoulder strength or size of the calcific deposit were considered for pooling into separate meta-analyses. Pooled mean differences were calculated. Pooled estimates with 95% CIs were calculated using Review Manager (RevMan V.5.3; The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). Alpha level was set at 0.05. The inverse variance method was used to weigh each study. Analyses were performed with fixed effects. Visual inspection of the forest plots was performed. Only meta-analyses without a significant degree of heterogeneity were kept and reported (χ2 p>0.10 and I2<60%). When SDs from original studies were missing, estimations were made using Review Manager and according to the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations on how to handle missing data.17 For studies not included in the meta-analyses, a qualitative analysis was performed.

Results

From the nine potentially relevant articles identified through titles and abstract review, three RCTs met the eligibility criteria after full-text review,16 18–20 one including the original publication and a 5-year follow-up16 19 (figure 1). Characteristics of included studies are presented in table 1.

Figure 1

Schematic breakdown of literature search results. RCT, randomised controlled trial.

In every RCT, the population was composed of adults with chronic RC calcific tendinopathy of at least 316 19 to 6 months’ duration.18 20 RC calcific tendinopathy was confirmed by radiography and/or ultrasound. The mean age of participants ranged from 49 to 53 years. In two trials, the population was strictly composed of participants who previously failed a conservative treatment.16 18 19

Interventions and comparators

One RCT compared US-guided lavage with aspiration and a corticosteroid injection to a corticosteroid injection alone.16 19 Two RCTs compared US-guided lavage with aspiration followed by a corticosteroid injection to shockwave therapy. De Boer et al18 used radial shockwave therapy for four sessions while Del Castillo-Gonzalez et al20 used extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) for eight sessions.

Outcome measures

For pain assessment, one RCT used a visual analogue scale20 and one used the numerical rating scale.18 However, the method to assess pain was not further described in either studies. For self-reported function, the study by De Boer et al18 used the Oxford Shoulder Score while the study by de Witte et al16 19 used the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff questionnaire (WORC) and the Disability of the Shoulder, Arm and Hand questionnaire (DASH). These two RCTs also reported the Constant-Murley Score (CMS) which is a composite functional measure with sections on pain, function, strength and ROM. Two RCTs also monitored the reduction in the calcification size (mm).16 19 20

Risk-of-bias appraisal

The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool mean score across all included RCTs was 55%±17%. One study was considered at low risk of bias with a total score of 79%,16 19 and the two other studies were considered at high risk of bias with total scores of 43%.18 20 Blinding of the personnel was not possible due to the nature of the intervention while participants and assessor blinding was achieved in only one RCT.16 19 As other sources of bias, a noticeable discrepancy between baseline scores across the intervention and the control groups was observed in the RCT published by de Witte et al.16 19 However, their analyses were conducted while adjusting for this potential confusion bias. In the trial published by De Boer et al,18 an important proportion of participants (36%) in the shockwave group did not complete the study due to adverse events (figures 2 and 3).

Detailed methodological assessment of included studies using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Green: low risk of bias, red: high risk of bias, yellow: unclear or unknown risk of bias.

Risk-of-bias graph: review authors’ judgements about each risk-of-bias item, presented as percentages across all included studies.

Efficacy of US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection compared to shockwave therapy

Pain-related outcomes

Two high risk of bias RCTs assessed the efficacy of US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection compared with shockwave therapy on pain.18 20 The two RCTs were pooled together into two meta-analyses (figure 4). The mean differences between groups showed a significant effect in favour of US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection for pain reduction in the short term (at 6 weeks or 3 months, p<0.01) and at 12 months (p<0.01). The mean difference was −1.84 out 10 points (95% CI −2.52 to −1.45) for short-term effects and −1.96 out of 10 points (95% CI −2.63 to −1.04) at 12 months. The magnitude of these differences is above the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 1.4 for shoulder pain.21

Figure 4

Forest plots of pooled studies ultrasound-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection to shockwave therapy for change in pain in patient with chronic rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy. The squares are mean differences and the diamonds are pooled mean difference with 95% CIs. UGL, ultrasound-guided lavage.

Functional related outcomes

The high risk of bias RCT by De Boer et al18 assessed the efficacy of US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection compared with shockwave therapy (RSWT) on self-reported function. The Oxford Shoulder Score improved in both groups at 6 weeks and 12 months; however, no significant statistical differences between groups were observed (p≥0.05). For the CMS, the mean difference in final score was significantly higher for the US-guided lavage group by 11.7 out of 100 points (95% CI 0.01 to 23.39, p<0.05) at 6 weeks. Their analysis also showed a significant statistical difference between groups in the CMS in favour of the US-guided lavage at 6 weeks (p=0.02). The magnitude of the differences observed is within the range of previously reported MCID for the CMS which varies between 10.422 and 18 points.23

Calcification size

The high risk of bias RCT by Del Castillo-Gonzalez et al20 also assessed the efficacy of US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection compared with shockwave therapy (ESWT) on calcification size reduction. Both interventions lead to statistically significant reductions in the calcification size over time (p<0.01). However, the mean differences between groups showed a significant effect in favour of US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection compared with shockwave therapy to decrease calcification size at 3, 6 and 12 months (p<0.01).

Efficacy of US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection compared with a corticosteroid injection alone

Functional related outcome

The low risk of bias RCT by de Witte et al16 19 assessed the efficacy of US-guided lavage combined with a corticosteroid injection compared with a corticosteroid injection alone on functional related outcome. At 12 months, both groups improved. The mean overall effect of US-guided lavage compared with a corticosteroid injection for the CMS at 12 months was 17.9 out of 100 points (95% CI 2.0 to 33.7) while the effect on the WORC score at 12 months was 33.1 out of 100 points (95% CI 8.1 to 58.0). There was no significant difference between groups on the DASH score (p≥0.05). The magnitude of the differences observed for the CMS is within the range of previously reported MCID which varies between 10.422 and 18 points.23 For the WORC, the magnitude of the difference is above previously reported MCID which varies between 13.124 to 14.3 points.25

De Witte et al16 19 also assessed the efficacy of US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection compared with a corticosteroid injection in terms of calcification size reduction. A statistically significant change-from-baseline difference was observed in favour of the US-guided lavage group at 12 months, with a mean difference of 6.50 mm (95% CI 9.94 to 3.06, p<0.01). No statistically significant difference was observed at 60 months between both interventions (p=0.86).

Adverse effects, treatment cross-over and lost to follow-up results from all included studies

No serious adverse events were reported in all three RCTs. In the RCT published by de Boer et al,18 1 of the 11 (9%) participants in the US-guided lavage decided to change treatment due to consistent pain whereas five participants (36%) from the shockwave group decided to change treatment due to consistent pain. After 6 weeks, the Data Safety Monitoring Board decided to stop further enrolment in the study because of reported higher pain in the shockwave group. In the RCT published by Del Castillo-Gonzalez et al,20 no patient reported complications other than a slight discomfort due to the ESWT. However, 38 participants (31%) from the shockwave group did not complete the intended treatment. Three participants in the ESWT group did not attend a follow-up appointment compared with one in the US-guided lavage. These two studies did not analyse results according to the intention-to-treat principle. In the RCT published by de Witte et al,16 19 two participants developed a frozen shoulder in the US-guided lavage. Four of the 23 participants in the US-guided lavage underwent either a second US-guided lavage (n=3) or a surgical intervention (n=1) while 16 of the 25 participants in the corticosteroid injection group underwent either a US-guided lavage (n=13) or a surgical intervention (n=3).

Discussion

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of US-guided lavage for RC calcific tendinopathy. Three RCTs were included; one RCT was considered at low risk of bias and the two other trials were considered at high risk of bias.

Based on our meta-analyses of two RCTs with high risk of bias, there is low-quality evidence that US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection is more effective than shockwave therapy to reduce pain. The magnitude of the effect is probably clinically important in the short term since the mean difference is above the MCID. However, in the long term, it may or may not be clinically important since the MCID is comprised within the measured CI. These results need to be interpreted with caution since in both studies, the pain outcome was not clearly defined, and only per-protocol analyses were reported which may modify the magnitude of the observed effect.

Based on one high risk of bias RCT,18 there is low-quality evidence that US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection is more effective than shockwave therapy to improve function at 6 weeks based on the CMS. The magnitude of the difference observed may or may not be considered clinically important since it is within the range of previously reported MCID. However, no statistical difference between the two groups was observed on the Oxford Shoulder Score at 6 weeks and 12 months. Again, these results need to be interpreted with caution and more high-quality trials are needed to formally conclude on the superiority of US-guided lavage compared with shockwave therapy.

Based on one high risk of bias RCT,20 US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection is more effective than shockwave to reduce calcification size at different time points. Although previous epidemiological studies observed that the presence of a calcific deposit correlates with shoulder pain especially if the deposit is large,4 26 27 it remains unclear if a reduction in the calcification size leads to pain reduction or to a functional improvement which are the most relevant outcomes to focus on when determining if US-guided lavage is efficacious to treat patients with RC calcific tendinopathy. Then, calcification size may be relevant to look at in a trial but only as a secondary outcome.

While our conclusions, based on low-quality evidence, state that US-guided lavage is to be preferred over shockwave therapy, previous meta-analyses for shockwave therapy conclude that it is superior to a placebo to improve function and to decrease the calcification size in individuals with chronic RC calcific tendinopathy.6 Then, it may still be clinically relevant to offer to patients a less invasive intervention such as shockwave therapy. Therefore, it is recommended to consider shockwave therapy and US-guided lavage when the initial conservative treatment fails, while arthroscopic surgery should only be considered as a last option.15

Based on one low risk of bias RCT,16 19 the addition of US-guided lavage to a corticosteroid injection appears to be more beneficial to improve function. The magnitude of the difference could be considered clinically important. Yet the measured effect was not consistently observed for all functional outcome measures and therefore more methodologically sound trials are warranted to formally conclude regarding US-guided lavage efficacy.

In regard to pain outcome, our results strengthen the conclusions of the reviews of Arirachakaran et al14 and Wu et al.10 However, our results related to function contrast with those from Arirachakaran et al.14 It is important to highlight that Arirachakaran et al14 performed a network meta-analysis including only one RCT on US-guided lavage.16 They performed a direct comparison between US-guided lavage and a corticosteroid injection and indirect comparisons with a placebo and to US-guided needling fragmentation with shockwave which needs to be interpreted cautiously.17 We also excluded two RCTs which had been previously included in other systematic review because the intervention consisted of US-guided needling fragmentation and not US-guided lavage.28 29 In the RCT published by Kim et al,28 US-guided needling was found to be statistically more effective than extracorporeal shockwave therapy to improve function and to decrease pain at 1 year but not at 23 months. Moreover, US-guided needling was more effective to decrease calcification size at 23 months. In the other RCT on US-guided needling, Krasny et al29 observed that the addition of US-guided lavage to ESWT further improved function at a mean 4.1 months. There was no between group statistical difference in calcification size; still the rate of complete disappearance of calcium deposit was statistically higher in the US-guided needling group at a mean 4.1 months. It would be interesting to compare US-guided needling with US-guided lavage on pain and on function in a future RCT.

It is also important to highlight that the population in this systematic review was composed of patient with chronic RC calcific tendinopathy with symptoms for at least 3 months. The results from this systematic review with meta-analyses might not translate into acute or subacute RC calcific tendinopathy.

The diagnostic criteria in the included studies are also debatable. The calcification size is likely an important diagnostic criteria since larger RC calcifications tend to be more often symptomatic.4 27 However, de Witte et al16 19 used only 3 mm as a minimal calcification size while Del-Castillo Gonzalez et al20 used 5 mm. De Boer et al18 did not include a minimal calcification size in the diagnostic criteria. Positive power Doppler signal within the RC calcific deposit has been associated with pain.27 However, none of the three RCTs used Doppler signal as a diagnostic criteria. Then, we can hypothesise that some participants in these three RCTs were not symptomatic because of the calcification deposit. The position of the calcification size on the tendon could also be of diagnostic value since a calcification in the middle of the tendon or at the articular surface could be less symptomatic than a calcification on the bursal surface of the tendon. Future studies may want to use Doppler signal as a diagnostic criteria and stratify their results based on the calcification size and the position of the calcification deposit on the tendon.

Initial conservative care involving an exercise programme with or without the use of medications may be the treatment of choice for acute and subacute RC calcific tendinopathy since it is less invasive than US-guided lavage or a corticosteroid injection. However, this statement is not based on any RCT and further research should confirm what is the best initial conservative care for acute and subacute RC calcific tendinopathy.

No serious adverse effect was reported in the included trials. However, the small sample sizes are an important limit to this analysis since serious adverse effects such as infection are rare, and trials were likely underpowered to detect these differences between treatments. Although it is reported in the literature from systematic reviews on observational studies that US-guided lavage is a safe technique,30 31 it remains to be fully answered in adequately powered RCTs. More pain has been reported with shockwave treatment, which needs to be considered when choosing this modality.

Strengths and limitations

Strengths of this review include the use of four important databases, a thorough search strategy and the use of the validated Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. However, this review also has limitations. The small sample size and the high risk of bias of two of the three articles are two important limitations of this review which limits the strength of our conclusions. Our meta-analysis only includes two RCTs, with the analysis heavily based on one RCT. The absence of comparison with a conservative treatment involving physical therapy with an exercise programme is another limitation of this systematic review.

Conclusion

In individuals with chronic RC calcific tendinopathy, low-quality evidence suggests that US-guided lavage with a corticosteroid injection is more effective than shockwave therapy to reduce pain in the short and long term and to improve function in the short term and that these effects may or may not be clinically important. Low-quality evidence suggests that the addition of US-guided lavage to a corticosteroid injection is beneficial to improve function at 12-month follow-up and that this effect may or may not be clinically important. Further studies could modify the present conclusions.