Rigid Coplanar Polymers for Stable n-Type Polymer Thermoelectrics.

Low n-doping efficiency and inferior stability restrict the thermoelectric performance of n-type conjugated polymers, making their performance lag far behind of their p-type counterparts. Reported here are two rigid coplanar poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives, LPPV-1 and LPPV-2, which show nearly torsion-free backbones. The fused electron-deficient rigid structures endow the derivatives with less conformational disorder and low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels, down to -4.49 eV. After doping, two polymers exhibited high n-doping efficiency and significantly improved air stability. LPPV-1 exhibited a high conductivity of up to 1.1 S cm-1 and a power factor as high as 1.96 μW m-1  K-2 . Importantly, the power factor of the doped LPPV-1 thick film degraded only 2 % after 7 day exposure to air. This work demonstrates a new strategy for designing conjugated polymers, with planar backbones and low LUMO levels, towards high-performance and potentially air-stable n-type polymer thermoelectrics.