R Behman1, S Cleary2,3, P McHardy4, A Kiss5, J Sawyer4, S S J Ladak6, S A McCluskey7, C Srinivas7, J Katz6,7, N Coburn1,5, C Law1,5, A C Wei2, P Greig2, J Hallet1, H Clarke6,7, P J Karanicolas8,9. 1. Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Ave, T2-016, Toronto, ON, M4N3M5, Canada. 2. Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 3. Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA. 4. Department of Anaesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 5. Department of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 6. Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 7. Pain Research Unit, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. 8. Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Ave, T2-016, Toronto, ON, M4N3M5, Canada. paul.karanicolas@sunnybrook.ca. 9. Department of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. paul.karanicolas@sunnybrook.ca.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Post-operative pain management is a critical component of perioperative care. Patients at risk of poorly controlled post-operative pain may benefit from early measures to optimize pain management. We sought to identify risk factors for post-operative pain and opioid consumption in patients undergoing liver resection. METHODS: This is a multi-institutional prospective nested cohort study of patients undergoing open liver resection. Opioid consumption and pain scores were collected following surgery. To estimate the effects of patient factors on opioid consumption (oral morphine equivalents-OME) and on pain scores (NRS-11), we used generalized linear models and multivariable linear regression model, respectively. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-three patients who underwent open liver resection between 2013 and 2016 were included in the study. The mean patient age was 62.2 years, and 43.3% were female. Younger patients were significantly more likely to use more opioids in the early post-operative period (16.7 OME/10 years, p < 0.001). Patient factors that were significantly associated with increased NRS-11 pain scores also included younger patient age (difference in pain score of 0.3/10 years with cough and 0.2/10 years at rest, p < 0.01 for both) as well as a history of analgesic use (difference in pain score of 0.9 with cough and 0.6 at rest, p < 0.01 and p = 0.07, respectively). CONCLUSION: Younger patients and those with a history of analgesic use are more likely to report higher post-operative pain and require higher doses of opioids. Early identification of these patients, and measures to better manage their pain, may contribute to optimal perioperative care.
BACKGROUND: Post-operative pain management is a critical component of perioperative care. Patients at risk of poorly controlled post-operative pain may benefit from early measures to optimize pain management. We sought to identify risk factors for post-operative pain and opioid consumption in patients undergoing liver resection. METHODS: This is a multi-institutional prospective nested cohort study of patients undergoing open liver resection. Opioid consumption and pain scores were collected following surgery. To estimate the effects of patient factors on opioid consumption (oral morphine equivalents-OME) and on pain scores (NRS-11), we used generalized linear models and multivariable linear regression model, respectively. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-three patients who underwent open liver resection between 2013 and 2016 were included in the study. The mean patient age was 62.2 years, and 43.3% were female. Younger patients were significantly more likely to use more opioids in the early post-operative period (16.7 OME/10 years, p < 0.001). Patient factors that were significantly associated with increased NRS-11 pain scores also included younger patient age (difference in pain score of 0.3/10 years with cough and 0.2/10 years at rest, p < 0.01 for both) as well as a history of analgesic use (difference in pain score of 0.9 with cough and 0.6 at rest, p < 0.01 and p = 0.07, respectively). CONCLUSION: Younger patients and those with a history of analgesic use are more likely to report higher post-operative pain and require higher doses of opioids. Early identification of these patients, and measures to better manage their pain, may contribute to optimal perioperative care.
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