Delesha M Carpenter1, Jill E Lavigne2, Evan W Colmenares3, Kristin Falbo4, Sherita L Mosley5. 1. Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Asheville, NC, USA. Electronic address: dmcarpenter@unc.edu. 2. US Department of Veterans Affairs, Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua, NY, USA; Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St John Fisher College, Rochester, NY, USA. 3. Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. 4. VISN 2 Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, Canandaigua, NY, USA. 5. Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Asheville, NC, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Little is known about community pharmacy staff members' interactions with patients at risk of suicide. OBJECTIVES: To: 1) develop a measure to assess the frequency with which pharmacy staff encounter patients with suicide risk factors and warning signs; 2) to assess the measure's validity and reliability; and 3) describe pharmacy staff members' interactions with at-risk patients and their suicide prevention training preferences. METHODS: A convenience sample of 501 community pharmacy staff members who worked in North Carolina completed an anonymous online survey. A 10-item measure (the Pharmacy Suicide Interaction Scale (PSIS)) assessed how often respondents encountered patients with suicide risk factors or warning signs, and one open-ended question elicited barriers to interacting with these patients. Psychometric analyses, including an exploratory factor analysis, were performed to examine the validity and reliability of the PSIS. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and responses to open-ended questions were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: The PSIS possessed two factors (or subscales): a non-verbal suicide warning signs and risk factors subscale (Cronbach's alpha = 0.79) and a verbal warning signs subscale (Cronbach's alpha = 0.67). Respondents who knew a patient who had died by suicide had higher mean scores on the non-verbal and verbal subscales, indicating that the PSIS had construct validity. Many respondents (22.4%) knew a patient who died by suicide, and 21.6% of respondents had patients request a lethal dose of medication. Interactions occurred both face-to-face and over the phone, and respondents most commonly reacted to patients by contacting others or offering emotional support. Few respondents (8.8%) had suicide prevention training or resources, but most (89.6%) desired additional training. CONCLUSION: Many community pharmacy staff members have interacted with patients who exhibited suicide warning signs or died by suicide. Suicide prevention training may help prepare pharmacy staff to recognize, communicate with, and refer at-risk patients.
BACKGROUND: Little is known about community pharmacy staff members' interactions with patients at risk of suicide. OBJECTIVES: To: 1) develop a measure to assess the frequency with which pharmacy staff encounter patients with suicide risk factors and warning signs; 2) to assess the measure's validity and reliability; and 3) describe pharmacy staff members' interactions with at-risk patients and their suicide prevention training preferences. METHODS: A convenience sample of 501 community pharmacy staff members who worked in North Carolina completed an anonymous online survey. A 10-item measure (the Pharmacy Suicide Interaction Scale (PSIS)) assessed how often respondents encountered patients with suicide risk factors or warning signs, and one open-ended question elicited barriers to interacting with these patients. Psychometric analyses, including an exploratory factor analysis, were performed to examine the validity and reliability of the PSIS. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and responses to open-ended questions were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: The PSIS possessed two factors (or subscales): a non-verbal suicide warning signs and risk factors subscale (Cronbach's alpha = 0.79) and a verbal warning signs subscale (Cronbach's alpha = 0.67). Respondents who knew a patient who had died by suicide had higher mean scores on the non-verbal and verbal subscales, indicating that the PSIS had construct validity. Many respondents (22.4%) knew a patient who died by suicide, and 21.6% of respondents had patients request a lethal dose of medication. Interactions occurred both face-to-face and over the phone, and respondents most commonly reacted to patients by contacting others or offering emotional support. Few respondents (8.8%) had suicide prevention training or resources, but most (89.6%) desired additional training. CONCLUSION: Many community pharmacy staff members have interacted with patients who exhibited suicide warning signs or died by suicide. Suicide prevention training may help prepare pharmacy staff to recognize, communicate with, and refer at-risk patients.
Authors: Hayley C Gorton; Donna Littlewood; Christine Lotfallah; Matthew Spreadbury; Kai Ling Wong; Patricia Gooding; Darren M Ashcroft Journal: PLoS One Date: 2019-09-09 Impact factor: 3.240