Radiation Management in Coronary Angiography: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusion at the Frontier.

The usage of ionising radiation in medical investigations and procedures continues to increase. Cardiologists are responsible for a disproportionately high amount of this radiation, and the performance of percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions (CTO PCI) often requires particularly high radiation doses. Consequently, both patients and proceduralists are potentially being exposed to harmful doses of radiation. This review discusses the potential dangers of radiation exposure during CTO PCI, as well as techniques to minimise radiation dose to the patient and proceduralist. Specific attention is paid to recent innovations in real-time dose monitoring and X-ray system developments that afford considerable dose savings during routine PCI as well as CTO PCI. Crown