The numerical classification and grading standards of daylily (Hemerocallis) flower color.

This study collected 183 Hemerocallis varieties to conduct numerical classification of flower color and provide valuable baseline data and foundational theory for normalization and precision of Hemerocallis. The color CIELab phenotypes were collected via colorimeter (CR-10 Plus), which separately measured three sepal and petal parts (throat, eye and limb). The colors of experimental samples were artificially named by the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (RHSCC). All the data were analyzed using R software. The results showed that the throat was predominantly green-yellow, light yellow and yellow; green-yellow accounted for the largest proportion of sepals (67.76%) and petals (69.40%). The eye was more abundant, and there were significant differences between sepals and petals. The limb was clustered into five color groups (orange, yellow, pink, red and purple); the yellow group had the most varieties for both sepals and petals, containing 57.38% and 55.74%, respectively. Both sepals and petals had significant differences (p<0.0001) in color (△E), redness (a*) and color angle (h) for the throat, eye and limb. However, the difference in CIELab phenotypes between the eye and limb were not significant. According to "Dual Classification", the color classification standard was proposed as a 3-level standard. The color of sepal and petal consistency served as the first standard, and the color of limb was the second standard. The color pattern types of pure, gradual change, watermark and eye spot, served as the third standard. It has been proposed that all the 183 experimental varieties were divided into two categories, five groups and finally four types. This study provides a classification basis and reference for numeric and standardized color phenotype description for Hemerocallis.