Samantha G Farris1, Emily K Burr1, Ana M Abrantes2,3, J Graham Thomas2,4, Frederick A Godley5, Julie L Roth2,6, Richard B Lipton7,8, Jelena M Pavlovic7,8, Dale S Bond2,4. 1. Department of Psychology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA. 2. Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. 3. Behavioral Medicine and Addictions Research Unit, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. 4. Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. 5. University Otolaryngology, Providence, RI, USA. 6. Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. 7. Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. 8. Montefiore Medical Center/Montefiore Headache Center, New York, NY, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this exploratory study was to assess the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and emotional disorders, migraine characteristics, and migraine-related fear and avoidance behaviors in women with probable migraine. BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depressive disorders are the most frequent comorbid psychiatric conditions in migraine, particularly in women; however, the underlying reasons for these comorbidities are uncertain. Anxiety sensitivity, the tendency to catastrophically appraise anxiety and bodily sensations in terms of their physical, social, or cognitive consequences, is a psychological factor that may contribute to the comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders and migraine. It was hypothesized that anxiety sensitivity would be associated with greater migraine severity and psychiatric symptoms. METHOD: Participants were women (n = 100) who screened positive for migraine on the validated IDMigraine Screener participated in an anonymous single-session online survey-based study on migraine. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 total and subscales scores were used to assess anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed with the brief Patient Health Questionnaire. RESULTS: On average, anxiety sensitivity was clinically elevated (mean ± SD: 24.0 ± 15.2). Anxiety sensitivity cognitive and social concerns were most strongly correlated with severity of anxiety (r's = .38-.46) and depressive symptoms (r = .35-.39, P's < .001), and all anxiety sensitivity facets were related to fear of head pain (r's = .35-.38, P's < .001). Anxiety sensitivity cognitive concern facet was uniquely related to headache patterns, including longer migraine attack duration (r = .22, P = .029) and pain intensity (r = .24, P = .029), pain-related avoidance, including avoiding movement and more frequent misuse of prescribed or non-prescribed pain medication (r's = .20-.21, P's < .01). CONCLUSIONS: These novel findings indicate that anxiety sensitivity, specifically fearful appraisal of bodily sensations, are linked to both psychiatric symptoms and migraine severity in women. In this cross-sectional study, causal sequence cannot be determined. If anxiety sensitivity leads to more severe pain and psychiatric distress, targeting anxiety sensitivity could lead to better headache outcomes.
OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this exploratory study was to assess the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and emotional disorders, migraine characteristics, and migraine-related fear and avoidance behaviors in women with probable migraine. BACKGROUND:Anxiety and depressive disorders are the most frequent comorbid psychiatric conditions in migraine, particularly in women; however, the underlying reasons for these comorbidities are uncertain. Anxiety sensitivity, the tendency to catastrophically appraise anxiety and bodily sensations in terms of their physical, social, or cognitive consequences, is a psychological factor that may contribute to the comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders and migraine. It was hypothesized that anxiety sensitivity would be associated with greater migraine severity and psychiatric symptoms. METHOD:Participants were women (n = 100) who screened positive for migraine on the validated IDMigraine Screener participated in an anonymous single-session online survey-based study on migraine. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 total and subscales scores were used to assess anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed with the brief Patient Health Questionnaire. RESULTS: On average, anxiety sensitivity was clinically elevated (mean ± SD: 24.0 ± 15.2). Anxiety sensitivity cognitive and social concerns were most strongly correlated with severity of anxiety (r's = .38-.46) and depressive symptoms (r = .35-.39, P's < .001), and all anxiety sensitivity facets were related to fear of head pain (r's = .35-.38, P's < .001). Anxiety sensitivity cognitive concern facet was uniquely related to headache patterns, including longer migraine attack duration (r = .22, P = .029) and pain intensity (r = .24, P = .029), pain-related avoidance, including avoiding movement and more frequent misuse of prescribed or non-prescribed pain medication (r's = .20-.21, P's < .01). CONCLUSIONS: These novel findings indicate that anxiety sensitivity, specifically fearful appraisal of bodily sensations, are linked to both psychiatric symptoms and migraine severity in women. In this cross-sectional study, causal sequence cannot be determined. If anxiety sensitivity leads to more severe pain and psychiatric distress, targeting anxiety sensitivity could lead to better headache outcomes.