Relationship Among Religious Orientation, Individual Attributes, and Presence of People in Urban Public Space.

The purpose of this paper is to study the rate of presence in an urban space and how it is related to people's intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations and individual attributes. For measuring religious orientation, the Allport's Scale of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation was used. The information was collected from 100 residents of Mashhad, an important religious city of Iran. Results show that internal and external religious orientations do not have a significant relationship with the presence of people in urban spaces. But there is a strong relationship between individual attributes (marital status, employment status, income level, and family relationships) and the presence of people in urban spaces. This research shows that designing with attention to environmental factors affecting mental states and attention to the presence of social strata with different income levels in urban spaces can have more impact on the presence of people in urban spaces.