Xuanxia Mao1,2, Cheng Chen3, Pengcheng Xun3, Martha L Daviglus4, Lyn M Steffen5, David R Jacobs5, Linda Van Horn6,7, Stephen Sidney7, Na Zhu8, Bo Qin9, Ka He3. 1. Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. 2. Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. 3. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. 4. Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL. 5. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 6. Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. 7. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA. 8. Indiana University Health Arnett Hospital, Lafayette, IN. 9. Department of Population Science, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vegetables and fruits (VF) may differentially affect cognitive functions, presumably due to their various nutrient contents, but evidence from epidemiologic studies is limited. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the long-term association between VF intakes, including VF subgroups, in young adulthood and cognitive function in midlife. METHODS: A biracial cohort of 3231 men and women aged 18-30 y at baseline in 1985-1986 were followed up for 25 y in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Diet was measured at baseline, and in examination years 7 and 20. Cognitive function was assessed at examination year 25 through the use of 3 tests: the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Stroop test. The mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs in cognitive scores across intake categories were estimated through the use of the multivariable-adjusted general linear regression model. RESULTS: Excluding potatoes, intake of whole vegetables was significantly associated with a better cognitive performance after adjustment for potential confounders in all 3 cognitive tests (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1-RAVLT, MD: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.64; P-trend = 0.08; DSST, MD: 2.84; 95% CI: 0.93, 4.75; P-trend < 0.01; Stroop test, MD: -2.87; 95% CI: -4.24, -1.50; P-trend < 0.01]. Similarly, intake of fruits, except fruit juices, was significantly related to a better cognitive performance (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1-DSST, MD: 2.41; 95% CI: 0.70, 4.12; P-trend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the long-term benefits of VF consumption on cognitive performance, except those VF with relatively low fiber content such as potatoes and fruit juices, among the middle-aged US general population.
BACKGROUND: Vegetables and fruits (VF) may differentially affect cognitive functions, presumably due to their various nutrient contents, but evidence from epidemiologic studies is limited. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the long-term association between VF intakes, including VF subgroups, in young adulthood and cognitive function in midlife. METHODS: A biracial cohort of 3231 men and women aged 18-30 y at baseline in 1985-1986 were followed up for 25 y in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Diet was measured at baseline, and in examination years 7 and 20. Cognitive function was assessed at examination year 25 through the use of 3 tests: the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Stroop test. The mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs in cognitive scores across intake categories were estimated through the use of the multivariable-adjusted general linear regression model. RESULTS: Excluding potatoes, intake of whole vegetables was significantly associated with a better cognitive performance after adjustment for potential confounders in all 3 cognitive tests (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1-RAVLT, MD: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.64; P-trend = 0.08; DSST, MD: 2.84; 95% CI: 0.93, 4.75; P-trend < 0.01; Stroop test, MD: -2.87; 95% CI: -4.24, -1.50; P-trend < 0.01]. Similarly, intake of fruits, except fruit juices, was significantly related to a better cognitive performance (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1-DSST, MD: 2.41; 95% CI: 0.70, 4.12; P-trend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the long-term benefits of VF consumption on cognitive performance, except those VF with relatively low fiber content such as potatoes and fruit juices, among the middle-aged US general population.
Authors: A McDonald; L Van Horn; M Slattery; J Hilner; C Bragg; B Caan; D Jacobs; K Liu; H Hubert; N Gernhofer; E Betz; D Havlik Journal: J Am Diet Assoc Date: 1991-09
Authors: Tiffany F Hughes; Ross Andel; Brent J Small; Amy R Borenstein; James A Mortimer; Alicja Wolk; Boo Johansson; Laura Fratiglioni; Nancy L Pedersen; Margaret Gatz Journal: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry Date: 2010-05 Impact factor: 4.105