Literature DB >> 31160986

Development of a cost-effective single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping array for management of greater yam germplasm collections.

Fabien Cormier1,2, Pierre Mournet2,3, Sandrine Causse2,3, Gemma Arnau1,2, Erick Maledon1,2, Rose-Marie Gomez4, Claudie Pavis4, Hâna Chair2,3.   

Abstract

Using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in greater yam (Discorea alata L.), 4,593 good quality SNPs were identified in 40 accessions. One hundred ninety six of these SNPs were selected to represent the overall dataset and used to design a competitive allele specific PCR array (KASPar). This array was validated on 141 accessions from the Tropical Plants Biological Resources Centre (CRB-PT) and CIRAD collections that encompass worldwide D. alata diversity. Overall, 129 SNPs were successfully converted as cost-effective genotyping tools. The results showed that the ploidy levels of accessions could be accurately estimated using this array. The rate of redundant accessions within the collections was high in agreement with the low genetic diversity of D. alata and its diversification by somatic clone selection. The overall diversity resulting from these 129 polymorphic SNPs was consistent with the findings of previously published studies. This KASPar array will be useful in collection management, ploidy level inference, while complementing accurate agro-morphological descriptions.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Dioscorea alata L.; KASPar; ex situ collection; genotyping; ploidy; yam

Year:  2019        PMID: 31160986      PMCID: PMC6540704          DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5141

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Ecol Evol        ISSN: 2045-7758            Impact factor:   2.912


INTRODUCTION

Greater yam (Discorea alata L.) is one of the major cultivated yam species (Discorea spp.) and the most widely spread among tropical and subtropical regions. The high importance of D. alata for food security has prompted the establishment of several international and national ex situ collections. Due to the limited shelf‐life of stored tuber, yam genetic resources are conserved in vitro or/and in the field. All of these repeated manipulations are time‐consuming and may affect long‐term conservation. Quality control of genotype purity and general collection management is mainly based on morphological descriptors (IPGRI/IITA, 1997; Mahalakshmi et al., 2007). However, these descriptors are not reliable enough to rationalize ex situ D. alata collection. Indeed, several studies have revealed that morphological variations are not necessarily linked to geographic origin or genetic lineage (Arnau et al., 2017; Lebot, Trilles, Noyer, & Modesto, 1998; Vandenbroucke et al., 2016). Complementary characterization tools are thus required for the conservation and dynamic management of ex situ collections related to germplasm exchange, the development of core collection or identification of future parents for breeding programs. D. alata is also a polyploid species with ploidy levels of 2n = 2x, 3x, or 4x and a basic chromosome number of x = 20 (Arnau, Némorin, Maledon, & Abraham, 2009). Ploidy levels detection is consequently a prerequisite for the identification of possible parents as crosses between the different ploidy levels can fail (Nemorin et al., 2013). Molecular markers have been used to characterize D. alata diversity: random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD; Asemota, Ramser, Lopez‐Peralta, Weising, & Kahl, 1996), isoenzymes (Lebot et al., 1998), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP; Malapa, Arnau, Noyer, & Lebot, 2005), simple sequence repeats (SSRs; Siqueira, Marconi, Bonatelli, Zucchi, & Veasey, 2011; Sartie, Asiedu, & Franco, 2012; Otoo, Anokye, Asare, & Telleh, 2015; Chaïr et al., 2016; Arnau et al., 2017), plastid sequences (Chaïr et al., 2016), and Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT; Vandenbroucke et al., 2016). These studies generated essential information on the diversity and representativity of the germplasm collections. However, these tools were not tailored for routine collection management. They were found to be either poorly discriminating within D. alata species or they were complex and not cost‐effective to use. Besides the development of high‐throughput methods for genome‐wide variant detection, such as genotyping‐by‐sequencing (Davey et al., 2011) paired with cost‐effective SNP assay (Broccanello et al., 2018) as KASPar can lead to the development of appropriate markers for collection management. This approach has been successfully implemented in maize (Semagn et al., 2012), chickpea (Hiremath et al., 2012), Citrus (Garcia‐Lor, Ancillo, Navarro, & Ollitrault, 2013), pigeon pea (Saxena et al., 2014), and Brassica rapa (Su et al., 2018). Regarding the recent release of yam (Dioscorea spp.) genomic resources (Saski, Bhattacharjee, Scheffler, & Asiedu, 2015; Tamiru et al., 2017), the design of such markers for D. alata collection management would be worthwhile. Indeed, once developed they do not require any specific bioinformatics or wet chemistry skills. The results contain few erroneous and missing data and can be easily analyzed and interpreted. The main objectives of this study were (a) to identify genome‐wide polymorphic SNP markers, (b) to develop a cost‐effective SNP genotyping array using KASPar technology and (c) to test its use as a tool in managing yam ex situ collections.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

Based on a previous microsatellite markers study (Arnau et al., 2017), a set of 48 accessions representing worldwide D. alata diversity was selected and genotyped to identify polymorphic SNPs and design KASPar markers. Then, for the purpose of validating these markers, 141 landraces from the Tropical Plants Biological Resources Centre (CRB‐PT) and CIRAD ex situ collections maintained in the West French Indies (Guadeloupe) were used.

Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) and SNP discovery

SNP discovery was based on genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS). First, DNA extractions were performed with dried leaves from the 48 accessions as described by Risterucci et al. (2009). The genomic DNA quality was checked using agarose gel electrophoresis, and the quantity was estimated using a Nanodrop ND‐1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, USA). For GBS, a genomic library was prepared using the PstI‐MseI restriction enzymes (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, UK) with a DNA normalized quantity of 200 ng per sample. The procedures published by Elshire et al. (2011) were adapted as described in Cormier et al. (2019). Digestion and ligation reactions were conducted in the same plate. Digestion was conducted at 37°C for 2 hr and then 65°C for 20 min to inactivate the enzymes. The ligation reaction was achieved using T4 DNA ligase enzyme (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, UK) at 22°C for 1 hr, and the ligase was then inactivated, prior to sample pooling, by heating at 65°C for 20 min. Pooled samples were PCR‐amplified in a single tube. Single‐end sequencing was performed on a paired‐end lane of an Illumina HiSeq3000 (at the GeT‐PlaGe platform, Toulouse, France). The Tassel 5.2 pipeline (Glaubitz et al., 2014) was used for SNP and indel calling. Sequence tags were aligned to D. alata contigs (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB10904) using Bowtie2 v2.2.6 (Langmead & Salzberg, 2012). Accessions with more than 70% missing data were removed. Vcf filtering was performed using Vcftools 0.1.14 (Danecek et al., 2011; option: ‐‐minDP 8, ‐‐maf 0.1, ‐‐max‐missing 0.60, ‐‐max‐alleles 2, ‐‐thin64).

KASPar genotyping and allele calling

Polymorphic SNP flanking sequences (60 bp upstream and 60 bp downstream around the variant position) were selected using SNiPlay3 (Dereeper et al., 2011). In order to assess their putative physical positions, these sequences were then blasted to the D. rotundata reference genome (TDr96_F1 Pseudo_Chromosome: BDMI01000001–BDMI01000021; Tamiru et al., 2017). The physical position of each SNP was defined using their flanking sequences best hit using a BLAST E‐value threshold of 1e−30 (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool). Finally, 192 SNPs were selected by forming 192 k‐means cluster based on their relative physical distance (Euclidean distance) and selecting the SNP nearest to the centroid of each cluster using R 3.4.0 (R core team, 2017). The 192 SNPs were converted into a KASPar assay at LGC genomics where the primer design and wet chemistry was conducted (Middlesex, UK) on a validation panel of 141 landraces from the CRB‐PT and CIRAD ex situ collections. From raw fluorescence data, allele calling was performed using LGC Kluster Caller software by defining fluorescence clusters. Some accessions with known ploidy level were used as reference to identify fluorescence clusters and assess allelic dosage.

Diversity analysis

To identify duplicate accessions and compare accessions with different ploidy levels, a matrix of dissimilarity between each accession pair was computed as the percentage of shared alleles based on the allele presence/absence. Then, to refine the kinship assessment, similarities between accessions with the same ploidy level were computed in the same way but using the allelic dosage. For diploid accessions, genotypes were coded as 0, 1, and 2 where the number represents the number of nonreference allele. Heterozygous genotypes assessed as polyploid during allele calling were converted to 1. Moreover, for triploid accessions, genotypes were coded as 0, 1, 2, and 3 with allelic dosage score as 1:1 during allele call converted to 1.5. For tetraploid accessions, genotypes were thus coded as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 and no correction was needed. Diversity analysis was conducted in two steps. During the first step, groups of duplicate accessions (redundancy groups) were defined by grouping accessions having up to one allele mismatch. Then, in the second step, the diversity analysis focused on the similarity between those groups. Clustering based on allele frequencies within redundancy groups followed by a bootstrap approach (pvclust R package, ward.D2, 10,000 boots, AU threshold = 0.95; Suzuki & Shimodaira, 2006) was used to identify gene pools. A diversity network between redundancy groups was also drawn using significant kinship detected through genotype permutations (1,000), with a significance threshold of 0.05.

RESULTS

KASPar assay development and validation

Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) produced more than 344 million reads resulting in 521,918 sequence tags out of which 207,810 (39.82%) aligned exactly once on D. alata contigs. The remaining reads aligned at multiple locations (25.18%) or did not align to any contig (35%). From these sequence tags, SNP calling produced a raw vcf file of 158,695 SNPs. This raw vcf file was then filtered resulting in a dataset of 40 accessions (Appendix A), and 4,593 good quality SNPs out of which 3,879 (84%) SNPs were mapped by BLAST on the D. rotundata reference genome. The KASPar assay was then developed by selecting 192 SNPs representative of SNPs mapped along the D. rotundata reference sequence, and they were tested on 141 accessions. Among the 192 SNPs, 26 (13%) SNPs failed as they did not produce any amplification signal. From the remaining 166 SNPs (87%), 129 SNPs (Appendix C) with less than 20% missing data and a minor allele frequency of over 5% were retained as high‐quality SNPs. This final dataset (129 SNPs × 141 accessions) contained an overall missing data rate of only 0.5% with a maximum of 3% missing data per accession. The 129 validated KASPar SNPs were distributed on all linkage groups used to construct the D. rotundata reference genome (Figure 1). Their distribution was not homogeneous along chromosomes as their position was planned to be representative of that of the initial set of 3,879 mapped SNPs and not equally spaced.
Figure 1

Location of KASPar SNPs on the D. rotundata reference genome (Tamiru et al., 2017). The 21 linkage group are aligned from left to right. Black dots, failed or bad quality SNPs; red dots, the 129 validated SNPs

Location of KASPar SNPs on the D. rotundata reference genome (Tamiru et al., 2017). The 21 linkage group are aligned from left to right. Black dots, failed or bad quality SNPs; red dots, the 129 validated SNPs

Assessment of ploidy levels

In our D. alata validation panel, three ploidy levels (2x, 3x and 4x) coexisted (Appendix B). Thus, the KASPar assay could theoretically produce a maximum of seven types of fluorescence signal (Table 1) corresponding to two types of fluorescence signal in homozygous states (2:0 = 3:0 = 4:0; 0:2 = 0:3 = 0:4), the fluorescence signal of mixed and balanced allelic dosages (1:1 for diploids or 2:2 for tetraploids) and the four types of fluorescence signal corresponding to the different possible unbalanced allelic dosages at heterozygotic loci (“polyploid‐like” in Table 1) of triploids and tetraploids (1:3; 1:2; 2:1; 3:1). In our case, due to insufficient fluorescence resolution, it was not possible to distinguish fluorescence signals of the 1:3 tetraploid allelic dosage from the 1:2 triploid allelic dosage, or the 2:1 triploid allelic dosage from the 3:1 tetraploid allelic dosage. Consequently, a maximum of five types of fluorescence signals were identified. Overall, five, four, three, and two allelic dosages were detected for 64 (50%), 41 (32%), 19 (15%), and 5 (4%) SNPs, respectively, because some allelic dosages were not present in the validation panel or they were cofounded.
Table 1

Summary of genotype, allelic composition and fluorescence signals

Type of genotypePloidyAllelicType of fluorescence signal
DosageCompositionTheo.Obs.
Diploid‐likeDiploid0:2X:X11
1:1X:Y43
2:0Y:Y75
Triploid0:3X:X:X11
3:0Y:Y:Y75
Tetraploid0:4X:X:X:X11
2:2X:X:Y:Y43
4:0Y:Y:Y:Y75
Polyploid‐likeTriploid1:2X:X:Y32
2:1X:Y:Y54
Tetraploid1:3X:X:X:Y22
3:1X:Y:Y:Y64
Summary of genotype, allelic composition and fluorescence signals However, the overall allele call and allelic dosage assessment quality were good. Indeed, the ratio of genotypes scored as “polyploid‐like” on overall heterozygous genotypes by accession was low (0.09 ± 0.05) for diploids and high for triploids (0.83 ± 0.05). In addition, the three distributions of this ratio corresponding to the three ploidy levels did almost not overlap (Figure 2).
Figure 2

Distribution of the percentage of polypoid‐like genotypes (1:3, 1:2, 2:1, and 3:1 allelic dosage) on overall heterozygous genotypes by ploidy level (red, diploid; green, triploid; blue, tetraploid)

Distribution of the percentage of polypoid‐like genotypes (1:3, 1:2, 2:1, and 3:1 allelic dosage) on overall heterozygous genotypes by ploidy level (red, diploid; green, triploid; blue, tetraploid) We were thus not able to differentiate all allelic dosage from each other when looking at one SNP. However, ploidy level could be deduced when taking all the KASPar array into account and considering the proportion of genotypes scored as “polyploid‐like” per accession. This KASPar assay thus differentiated the accession ploidy level and allowed us to assign it for 12 accessions originally of unknown ploidy. Nine were set as diploid and three as triploid. Overall, 141 accessions from CRB‐PT and CIRAD ex situ collections in Guadeloupe were used to validate the KASPar assay (96 diploids, 36 triploids, and nine tetraploids including accessions with known and deduced ploidy level). The allele presence and/or absence was used to assess the similarity between accessions and thus to identify duplicate accessions (Figure 3). Indeed, by defining redundancy groups, we ended up with 43 nonredundant groups each containing one to 24 accessions.
Figure 3

Dendrogram of dissimilarity between 141 D. alata accessions (red, diploid; green, triploid; blue, tetraploid)

Dendrogram of dissimilarity between 141 D. alata accessions (red, diploid; green, triploid; blue, tetraploid) These groups of genetically similar accessions were partially expected based on the accession vernacular names. For example, the second biggest group (redundancy group 6, Appendix B) was composed of 18 accessions, five of which had a name related to “Saint Vincent.” The third biggest group contained 14 accessions, four of which had a name related to “Pacala.”. The main group of redundant accessions was composed of 24 triploids collected at several distant locations (Caribbean islands, New Caledonia and Madagascar). This group consisted of 67% (24/36) of the triploid accessions present in the CRB‐PT and CIRAD collections. More generally, redundancy groups only consisted of accessions with the same ploidy level (Figure 4). Moreover, similarities within triploids or within tetraploids were higher than within diploids.
Figure 4

Distribution of similarity between all accession pairs by ploidy (red, diploid; green, triploid; blue, tetraploid)

Distribution of similarity between all accession pairs by ploidy (red, diploid; green, triploid; blue, tetraploid) The diversity analysis was based on these 43 redundancy groups to avoid bias. After clustering, the bootstrap procedure detected five significant gene pools, named “cluster” here, represented in the kinship network (Figure 5). Only one (cluster C, Figure 5) consisted of accessions from the three ploidy levels. This cluster encompassed accessions from the Caribbean and Pacific regions. Clusters A, B, and D contained triploids from the Caribbean and Madagascar, tetraploids from the Pacific and diploids from the Caribbean, respectively (Figure 5, Appendix B). Cluster E was the biggest one, with 21 nonredundant diploid accessions originating from India, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, the Caribbean and Pacific (Figure 5, Appendix B).
Figure 5

Network of kinship for the 43 D. alata redundancy groups based on significant similarity (p < 0.05, edge‐weighted spring‐embedded layout). Nodes shape and letter, cluster of diversity identified by a bootstrap procedure; red nodes, diploids; green nodes, triploids; blue nodes, tetraploids; edge colors, similarity from gray (0.64) to black (1)

Network of kinship for the 43 D. alata redundancy groups based on significant similarity (p < 0.05, edge‐weighted spring‐embedded layout). Nodes shape and letter, cluster of diversity identified by a bootstrap procedure; red nodes, diploids; green nodes, triploids; blue nodes, tetraploids; edge colors, similarity from gray (0.64) to black (1) Genotype permutations and network analysis gave a more detailed view of kinship between redundancy groups and Clusters. This approach revealed a low number of significant links between the diversity clusters D or E and the others (Figure 5) revealing that these clusters could consist of original genepools.

DISCUSSION

Assessment of allelic dosage and detection of ploidy levels

KASPar technology is based on competitive allele‐specific amplification followed by allele‐specific fluorescence assessment (Semagn, Babu, Hearne, & Olsen, 2014). Detection of allelic dosage in polyploid species is thus possible (Cuenca, Aleza, Navarro, & Ollitrault, 2013). However, several parameters may influence the fluorescence, such as the DNA quality or primer specificity, and consequently the ability to discriminate fluorescence signals and the allelic dosage. In our case, we were able to discriminate five types of fluorescence signal. At heterozygous loci, fluorescence signals were a mixture of two types of allelic‐specific fluorescence. Fluorescence signals should also be balanced for diploids which have a balanced allelic dosage (1:1) at heterozygous loci. Diploids should therefore theoretically have no genotypes assessed as “polyploid‐like.” Conversely, triploids should theoretically have only genotypes assessed as “polyploid‐like” at heterozygous loci. A balanced allelic dosage is impossible for triploids. Our results showed that 91 ± 5% and 83 ± 5% of heterozygous genotypes were correctly called for diploids and triploids, respectively. Regarding the recent explosion of genotyping related to next‐generation sequencing, bioinformatics tools have been developed to accurately determine dosages (e.g., GBS2ploidy; Gompert & Mock, 2017). However, this requires deep sequencing and usually an assumption of ploidy levels present in the dataset (Bourke, Voorrips, Visser, & Maliepaard, 2018). Application in collection management may nevertheless not require allelic dosage assessment at each locus. Our aim was thus to develop a tool for estimating ploidy levels and not variations in copy number. Moreover, the results showed that ploidy levels for each accession can be accurately deduced from the percentage of “polypoid‐like” genotypes on overall heterozygous genotypes. Regarding the overlapping distributions of this ratio (Figure 2), the only risk is to confuse triploids and tetraploids estimated at 3%. Consequently, ploidy level assessment is possible and fairly accurate for D. alata using the KASPar assay developed in this study.

Identification of duplicate accessions

The dataset included 129 SNPs validated on 141 accessions corresponding to 43 unique redundancy groups. The resuming of the 141 accessions to 43 unique redundancy groups was related to the narrow D. alata genetic diversity, above all in polyploid germplasm (i.e., triploids and tetraploids) already identified in previous studies. For example, using DarT markers, a low varietal richness was revealed by Vandenbroucke et al. (2016), who studied 80 landraces from six different Vanuatu islands and differentiated only seven unique genotypes. Using isozyme markers, Lebot et al. (1998) studied 269 worldwide distributed cultivars and concluded that the genetic diversity of the most widespread cultivars was narrow. Regarding the accession vernacular names, redundant accessions were expected in our sample. Some of these redundancy groups contained accessions detected in duplicate, while they could be differentiated by morphological characterization. For example, redundancy group five (including Lupias, Malalagi, or Malankon) exhibited diversity in tuber shape and tuber flesh color in agreement with previous genetic diversity studies that already pooled these accessions together and highlighted this intragroup variability in tubers (Arnau et al., 2017; Malapa et al., 2005). Morphological variability within a redundancy cluster mostly arises via D. alata clonal reproduction and farmers' selection of new morphotypes resulting from somatic mutations (Lebot et al., 1998; Malapa et al., 2005; Vandenbroucke et al., 2016). Small genetic or epigenetic variations are commonly selected to create new diversity in horticultural crops such as yam as reviewed by Krishna et al. (2016). The ability of KASPar assay developed in this study to differentiate duplicates in collections from genetically close accessions was related: (a) to the low number of studied loci (129), but also (b) to the D. alata diversification process (i.e., selection of somaclonal mutants) and (c) the presence of real duplicates within collections. This tool is thus efficient for attributing accessions to a genetic lineage (e.g., germplasm exchange), but a good complementary agro‐morphological and ecophysiological characterization of collections should also be done to completely differentiate somaclonal mutant clones from duplicates (e.g., identification of promising genitors for breeding programs).

Diversity and collection management

The CRB‐PT collection has been shown to be representative of worldwide D. alata diversity (Arnau et al., 2017). A subset of this ex situ collection has been genotyped in this study. However, all diversity groups identified by Arnau et al. (2017) were present (except one containing five very similar Indian accessions). Our validation panel was thus representative of the worldwide D. alata diversity. Moreover, a good correlation was obtained between the findings of the previous study of worldwide D. alata diversity of Arnau et al. (2017) and the gene pools identified in this study (Appendix B). We can thus hypothesize that the 129 SNPs KASPar array developed for D. alata allow us to accurately assess genetic diversity and the findings may be transferable to other collections. Moreover, this genotyping tool is a robust method: (a) to assess complementarity/redundancy between the different collections, (b) to identify under represented genetic groups, and (c) to plan future collects to fill gaps in collections.

CONCLUSION

This is the first SNP array designed for D. alata and validated on a subset of accessions representative of worldwide D. alata diversity. This tool will allow users to estimate accession ploidy levels and genetic lineages. The results showed a good correlation between the diversity assessed by this KASPar array and the findings of previous studies. This KASPar array is a robust and cost‐effective tool for diversity assessment and collections management. Regarding the importance of vegetative reproduction and somaclonal selection in D. alata, it is a good tool to complement agro‐morphological description in collections.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

C.P., F.C., H.C., and P.M. designed the study. C.P., F.C., E.M., G.A., and R‐M.G. contributed to collecting materials and sample preparation. P.M. and S.C. developed GBS protocol, carried out DNA extraction, and GBS library preparation. H.C. and P.M. performed SNP discovery. F.C. and H.C. designed the KASPar assay and performed its analysis. C.P., F.C., and H.C. wrote the manuscript with the input of all authors.
Table A1

Description of the 40 D. alata accessions used to detect polymorphic SNP

CollectionCodeNameOriginPloidy
CRB‐PTPT‐IG‐00002PakutranyNlle Caledonie 
PT‐IG‐00006FénakuéPuerto Rico2
PT‐IG‐00010Divin 1Guadeloupe2
PT‐IG‐00020DA 26Guyane Fr3
PT‐IG‐00338HYB 30Guadeloupe 
PT‐IG‐00350PacalaGuadeloupe2
PT‐IG‐00029PlimbiteHaïti2
PT‐IG‐00033PyramidePuerto Rico2
PT‐IG‐00046Sea 190Puerto Rico2
PT‐IG‐00053KokoétaNlle Calédonie2
PT‐IG‐00686Roujol 4
PT‐IG‐00687INRA C 143  
PT‐IG‐00688INRA AL 56  
PT‐IG‐00690INRA AL 18  
PT‐IG‐00692INRA X 154Guadeloupe 
PT‐IG‐00693INRA X 17Guadeloupe 
PT‐IG‐00694Dou 4
PT‐IG‐00695INRA X 142Guadeloupe 
PT‐IG‐00696Ciradienne 4
PT‐IG‐00697TiViolet 4
PT‐IG‐00698MalalagiVanuatu2
PT‐IG‐00702ManlankonVanuatu2
PT‐IG‐00689NureangdanVanuatu3
PT‐IG‐00077KinabayoPuerto Rico2
PT‐IG‐00078ToroHaïti3
CiradVu 024aTépuvaVanuatu2
Vu 528aTacharamivar 2
Vu 564aMendrovarVanuatu2
Vu 567aHombVanuatu2
Vu 754aIntejeganVanuatu4
Vu 231aTagabéVanuatu4
Ovy taty Madagascar 
Vu 247a n.aVanuatu2
Vu 401aBasaVanuatu2
Kabusa  2
74F  2
42F  2
61F  2
14M  2
H4x200  4
Table B1

Description of the 141 D. alata used as the KASPar assay validation panel

Collection CodePloidya Div. Clust.b Redund. Grpc Accession nameOriginSSRd
PT‐IG‐000873A2665MartiniqueXII
PT‐IG‐000703A2666MartiniqueXII
PT‐IG‐000903A26Caillade 1HaïtiXII
PT‐IG‐000203A26DA 26French GuyanaXII
PT‐IG‐000373A26DA 27French GuyanaXII
PT‐IG‐000223A26De aguaPuerto RicoXII
PT‐IG‐000613A26Igname d eauMartiniqueXII
PT‐IG‐005503A26Montpellier XII
PT‐IG‐000753A26Renta YamJamaicaXII
PT‐IG‐000723A26Sassa 1MartiniqueXII
PT‐IG‐000633A26Sassa 2Martinique 
PT‐IG‐000883A26St MartinMartiniqueXII
PT‐IG‐000343A26Sweet yamJamaicaXII
PT‐IG‐005573A26Tahiti couleuvreGuadeloupeXII
PT‐IG‐000683A26Tahiti cultivéGuadeloupeXII
PT‐IG‐000693A26Tahiti FrenchGuadeloupeXII
PT‐IG‐000183A26Tahiti messienGuadeloupe 
PT‐IG‐000643A26TanaNew CaledoniaXII
PT‐IG‐000213A26TelemaqueMartiniqueXII
PT‐IG‐000443A26Ti Joseph 1HaïtiXII
PT‐IG‐000783A26ToroHaïtiXII
CT257_CIV3A26OvyTaty AmbalaKindresy‐AmbohimasoaMadagascar 
CT258_CIV3A26OvyTaty Amboasary‐AmbohimasoaMadagascar 
PT‐IG‐00685 3 A26Sainte Anne  
PT‐IG‐000303A3367MartiniqueXII
PT‐IG‐005584B3WabéNew CaledoniaXVIII
Vu472a4B3Toufi TeteaVanuatuXVIII
Vu231a4B3 VanuatuXVIII
Vu750a4B3WanorakVanuatu 
Vu534a4B3BisoroVanuatuXVIII
Vu754a4B30NoulelcaeVanuatuXVI
Vu408a4B31ManiocVanuatu 
PT‐IG‐000392C2AmericanoDominican RepublicVII
PT‐IG‐000232C2FloridoPuerto Rico 
PT‐IG‐005532C2Pro 1 VII
PT‐IG‐000952C2SEA 144Puerto RicoIV
PT‐IG‐005552C2SRT 29 VII
PT‐IG‐000412C2St DomingueDominican RepublicVII
Vu401a2C2BasaVanuatuVII
CT256 2 C2   
PT‐IG‐000094C12NouméaNew CaledoniaXVI
Vu247a2C14 Vanuatu 
Vu528a2C16SinouaVanuatu 
PT‐IG‐000253C22GoanaNew CaledoniaXIII
PT‐IG‐000023C22PakutranyNew CaledoniaXIII
Vu699a 3 C22TumasVanuatu 
Vu461a3C22TumasVanuatuXIII
Vu755a4C24NepelevVanuatu 
PT‐IG‐000142C37Divin 2Guadeloupe 
PT‐IG‐000062C37FénakuéPuerto Rico 
PT‐IG‐000532C37KokoétaNew Caledonia 
PT‐IG‐005592C39WassaNew Caledonia 
PT‐IG‐000012D764Martinique 
PT‐IG‐000102D7Divin 1Guadeloupe 
PT‐IG‐005682D2577MartiniqueIV
PT‐IG‐000922D34CaplaouPuerto Rico 
PT‐IG‐005612D42H 23  
PT‐IG‐005622D42H 50  
74F2E4 India 
PT‐IG‐000492E5CinqPuerto RicoIII
PT‐IG‐000272E5LupiasNew CaledoniaIII
PT‐IG‐000462E5Sea 190Puerto RicoIII
Vu590a 2 E5 VanuatuIII
Vu423a2E5ManlankonVanuatuIII
Vu639a2E5MalalagiVanuatuIII
Vu024a2E5PtrisVanuatuIII
PT‐IG‐000652E6DA 28French GuyanaIV
PT‐IG‐00093 2 E6DA 32  
PT‐IG‐003952E6Fafadro bis IV
PT‐IG‐000602E6Grand EtangGuadeloupeIV
PT‐IG‐000512E6MoradoCubaIV
PT‐IG‐000732E6Purple LisbonPuerto RicoIV
PT‐IG‐003332E6Sainte CatherineGuadeloupeIV
PT‐IG‐000522E6Smooth StatiaPuerto RicoIV
PT‐IG‐000242E6St Vincent blanc 1MartiniqueIV
PT‐IG‐000362E6St Vincent blanc 2MartiniqueIV
PT‐IG‐005562E6St Vincent mart.GuadeloupeIV
PT‐IG‐000452E6St Vincent VioletMartiniqueIV
PT‐IG‐000162E6St Vincent YamSt. LuciaIV
PT‐IG‐003742E6Ti JosephHaïtiIV
PT‐IG‐000672E6Wénéféla bisNew CaledoniaIV
Vu487a2E6TeroosiVanuatuVI
770 2 E6   
PT‐IG‐00623 2 E6   
PT‐IG‐003962E8A 24  
PT‐IG‐000712E1072MartiniqueVIII
PT‐IG‐000552E1076MartiniqueVIII
PT‐IG‐00089 2 E10Asmhore  
PT‐IG‐000582E10Bété BétéCôte d'IvoireVIII
PT‐IG‐000912E10Campêche 2  
PT‐IG‐005462E10Jardin Haitien VIII
PT‐IG‐005472E10Kourou 1French GuyanaVIII
PT‐IG‐005482E10Kourou 2French GuyanaVIII
PT‐IG‐003502E10PacalaGuadeloupeVIII
PT‐IG‐005512E10Pacala cacaoFrench GuyanaVIII
PT‐IG‐005522E10Pacala GuyaneFrench GuyanaVIII
PT‐IG‐000172E10Pacala stationGuadeloupeVIII
PT‐IG‐005542E10SRT 24 VIII
19 2 E10   
PT‐IG‐000572E11Vino Purple formePuerto Rico 
61F2E15 India 
PT‐IG‐000192E19GorditoNew CaledoniaIX
PT‐IG‐000472E20BuetNew Caledonia 
PT‐IG‐000292E20PlimbiteHaïti 
PT‐IG‐000482E21Bacala 1Haïti 
PT‐IG‐004132E21St VincentSt. Vincent 
Cuba6 2 E23 Cuba 
PT‐IG‐005422E27AL 10 I
PT‐IG‐000422E27Brazzo FuertePuerto RicoI
PT‐IG‐000382E27Brésil 1 I
PT‐IG‐005642E27KL 10 I
PT‐IG‐005652E27KL 21  
PT‐IG‐005662E27KL 40 I
PT‐IG‐000542E27MP1 16H56 I
PT‐IG‐000332E27PyramidePuerto RicoI
PT‐IG‐000742E28OrientalBarbadosII
14M2E29 India 
PT‐IG‐000772E32KinabayoPuerto RicoII
PT‐IG‐000852E35St SauveurGuadeloupe 
PT‐IG‐005602E35Yam jamaïque  
PT‐IG‐005432E36Cross lisbon  
PT‐IG‐003922E38A 13  
PT‐IG‐003982E38A 2  
PT‐IG‐005632E40Sc.c 1.1  
PT‐IG‐000082E41AIA 445Nigeria 
PT‐IG‐000152E43Igname rougeGuadeloupeX
Vu703a 3 F 1NawanurunkimangaVanuatu 
PT‐IG‐005443 F 9Cuello largoPuerto RicoXV
PT‐IG‐000263 F 9FéoPuerto RicoXV
Vu696a3 F 9NowateknempianVanuatuXV
PT‐IG‐000763 F 13BélepNew CaledoniaXIV
Vu735a3 F 13NoplonVanuatuXIV
Vu760a3 F 13NureangdanVanuatuXIV
PT‐IG‐00397 2 F 17SEA 119, Toki  
Vu613a2 F 17PeterVanuatuVI
Vu589a2 F 17MakilaVanuatuXI
VU590a2 F 18 VanuatuIII
Vu554a2 F 18NouremborVanuatuVI
Vu567a2 F 18LetsletsbolosVanuatuIV
Vu564a2 F 18MakilaVanuatuVI
Vu026a2 F 18DammasisVanuatuVI

In italic, ploidy detected using the percentage of polyploid genotype type on overall heterozygous loci.

Group of diversity from diversity analysis

Group of similarity used to select nonredundant accessions. Genotypes in the same group have a maximum of one allele mismatch).

Cluster of diversity identified by SSR in Arnau et al. (2017).

Table C1

KASPar assay description for the 129 high‐quality SNPs: Number of fluorescence type detected, chromosome and position on D. rotundata reference genome assessed by BLAST (E‐value)

SNP_ID# Fluo.typeChr.Pos. E‐valueSequence
S1_784647894110666778E−52GTTTCCCAATGGTAACACTTTCTGCAAAGCCTGAAAGGCACTTGACTTGACATTGCCAAG[T/G]GCATTAGTTGCCACAGCCCCAATTCTAACTATAGCTGCAGCAGCAGCTAACGGTGAAGCT
S1_1661778314130023212E−40CATCACAAGCGAAACAATGCAAGATCACTGCAGCGCTAAACAAGACGATGAAAACTGCTA[G/T]AACTGCCCACTCTTCCAAAGATAGACTGCAGCAAAACAAAAGCCGCTTGGATGATCACAC
S1_738178825152140768E−52TGATTCTTCTTCCTCTTCATCTGCAGACTTTTTGGATGATGCTACTTCTTCACTAAACAA[A/G]CAACCTCTTTATCAGATGTCTTCTATCAAGGCTGAACTTCCAATCAAGTTGTGTGATTTG
S1_30827621641224229932E−54GAAGCTGATTGAGCTGCTTGATATCGATCTGCAGTGGAGGATGCATAAAGTTTCTGATGG[G/C]CAGCGTCGTCGTGTGCAAATTTGCATGGGACTTTTACAACCATACAAGGCAATGATTTTT
S3_32834934262590053E−51TCTCAAGTAACTATTATGGTAGTAACAGATGATGCAAATGTGAAGGCAAGATAAGAAATA[C/G]CATACCTCCCCATCTGCAGCACAAGTAACGAGGGTCCGATCATCTGTGTAAGGCATGAAT
S1_1562039352214040538E−52GATCAACTGCAATGCCAATGGTTGGTGCAAGTTTCTTGGGAATACCTGCTGCCTGAAATG[T/G]AAAACCCGTACAATATGATACAAATAAGTGGAGTGCCTGTGCTGCAGCTGAGAATTGAGA
S1_19468012432251334418E−52TTTTGACTGACAGCCTTTAGTGAACTGCAGGCTTACATGGAAAACCTCTTGACCTCGCTG[C/T]GAGGCTGGATATAGCAATTGATGTTGCTCATGCTATTACATACCTTCACATGTACACAGG
S1_14901303842290338731E−43CTCTCAGGTATGAATGGATGGTGCCCAAATGATTTTGAAACGCCCACATGGGTTTGTTGA[A/T]TGTGTTATCTACGCAACCAAATTGTAATAAATGACTAAATGTGGTAAATCTTTTCCCTGC
S1_5490860452319461768E−52AACTGACAAAATGGCAATGCAATGCCCTTTGTCACTGATCACAAAGAAGAGAAGACATAT[A/T]AGGGTATTTTTATGGAAAAACAAAGATGGTCCATCTTATTATTATTTTCTCCTGCAGGGG
S1_220358774435623648E−52GGGATTGACAAAAGCACAATCATTTACATGCTGCAGATTCGGCAGATTTTGCTGCAGATG[G/T]TGCTCCACCATCATCATTGGCAAAGGGGTAGCCTGATTTCCATGGGACACTTGGAGAAAG
S1_2943474894331822575E−48AGGAAGAGTATGTTCTCCATCAATTACATTCTCATTACGCAACTTCAATATATCCATCAG[A/G]AAAGGGTTATTCTGGTGAGCAATACAATACACATTTTCTGCAGCAGGAATAGAACATATG
S1_2134967005366085902E−53TATATAAACATTCCATTTTGATGAGAATGAGAGACCATTGTTGCTAGCATCCCATTGACT[A/G]CCATATCTGCAGGGATCTGTATGGAAAAAGTGCATGCATGAAAGACAAATATAATAATAT
S1_12350246253122114092E−46ATAGAGAAAAGACCTGCAGAAGCAGAAGCAACACGATCATCCTTGTTGACATCTCGCAAA[C/T]GAAGAGAAAGCTTTTTGGTGAAGTTTGAGTGAGAATTGTAGAAGTCCTCCATGGCCATGG
S2_1339450243129866001E−50GTCTATTTAGCATGTCTTAGTTTCTTGGTGATGATGACTGCAGTTGAAGTCAAAATTTGA[G/T]GATCTCTCATCTGAACATCATCATGCTTGTGAAGAAATGAATAAATTGCAAGAAAAGCTG
S1_21247798443188084972E−53TTGTAGTCGTAATCGAAATCGTATTCTTTGTGGAGTATTATTTTAGGTGGAAGATGTTGA[T/G]ATTTCTGAAAGAGTTCAGAGAGGATTAGAATCACCAGCCTACTGCAGTGGAAGATATGTA
S1_405179265424420393E−50TGGTTAATCGCAGATGGGGCTTGGAAAGACTCTGCAGGCGATGTCTTTGTTGAGCTATCT[G/A]AAGGTCAATGGCATCTCAACGGGGCCGTTCTGTGAGTCTTGGTTTATCTCCGATGAGCTT
S1_3416907213441720277E−46TTGTGCATTCCTCCCTGCATCTCTTGGAACTGCAGCCTGCCCACTCCATCCTCCCATGCT[A/G]CTCTTGTGAACCATCTCAACCACTCTTCTTCTTTCTCTCTCTCTTTCTCTCTGTTGTCTC
S1_948225915465180434E−37TCTGATGATCGTGCTTCTCTCATCAAATGTTAGATGTTGTTCTAACTCTTCAAGCAATCA[G/A]GAACTTATTTGCTACTATGAGTTGTGACTTATTGTTGCTGGTCACTGGATACTGCAGGTC
S1_2230598545495908724E−49GTTGCTGCCAGCAATCATGAGACCATTATGAGCTATGTTGATGGATGGTGAGGTTCGGGA[C/T]GTCTGTGGATAAGCTGTAACTGCAGGCAGGCTACCTACCATTGGAGAAAATTGGCCAGCT
S3_194045544116020244E−49ATGCCTGAATCTGGAGGACAAGCTACTGCAGTGTGTCAAGAAATAGACATACTTGAAGAG[A/C]ATTATGAATCAGAACAGTTCCAGGCCGGTAATGTTGAGTTCATGCTTTCTGTTCCTTTCT
S2_5908998244130223732E−47CTCAATAATGGTGGACAAATGTGCCTTCTAATTCAGAAAAAAAATGTCTACTAATTACCT[C/G]TCCAGCTCTGTCATTTACTTGTTATAGGATGACATAATTGATGACTCTGCAGAGGATGAT
S1_2950897554139561408E−52TAGTGAGCAGTTGAGATCATTAACGAGCATAGAAGAACTCACTGCAGAAGCCACAAAGCC[A/T]GAAGTCAATGGAGTTTCTATGGAACATAATGACGAGGAATTGGGAACACTATATTGCACT
S1_7809923944190097212E−33CAGGTTTTCTTTTCAATTGCAAGAGACATCAAGCAAAGGCTTGCAGAAACCGATACCAAA[C/G]CTGAGGTAGTATGCTTATCATTTGTGATAAATTCAGTAAACCTGCAGGCAATTAGTAATG
S1_9818289954250599702E−47TGTGCACAATGCTATGACCACACATATGGTTTCAAACAGACAAGGAACAGAATCAACAGA[T/C]ACACTACTTACAGTGACAAGCTCCGATATCAGTTGCGCAGACAACCCTGTTTTCTGCAGC
S1_1337687434256925812E−40CTTGATATGTCTGTATTGGGTGTCATTTCTGCAGTATTATTTGGTCCGCAAAGGTAAATC[A/G]ATAGAAATTGGCGTCATTTAGCAATATCTAAACTGTATTTGAATTTGTAGTTCGAGCATT
S1_5086327054273825032E−54GTGGCTCTCAAAGACTGAGGAAGTGCGTGAAGATAGGGCTCATTGGGGTACCAATATAAC[T/C]GGTGATATTTATGGTCAGGGTTGGATCAGTGAAATGTATGGATATTCATTTGGTGCTGCA
S1_302408135544185524E−43TCAGAGAGTGAGTCACATAAAAATAAGATTCATGTTGCATTGTGATGCCCCCTGATTCTT[A/C]TTACTTGCCCCCAAACGATAAGGACATCTTTTCTGAAAACTGCAGAGCCTAAGGAAATTA
S1_2842572515588094662E−41AATTTTCTGATCTGAGTATTGGTCAACAAGAATCCAACATAAAACTCAAGTAAAATGCAG[T/C]AAATTACAATTGTTACATAATTGTTTCTCCACATAACTTGCTAATAATTATTTCTGCAGA
S1_17201371325159153395E−48AACGCATGATACTCAATGTGTTGTTACTAATTGAATCTCAATTAATATGACCTGCAGTTG[C/T]TTGAATTTTCATGCTATGTTTGTAAGGCCTCTAGTGTTGCCAAAACCTCAGACATCTTCG
S2_4604654755186363855E−54CACTGCAGGGGCTGCTTCCTTGATGATGAACCCAAAGAACTCTATTTCTCAAATAAAGCG[C/A]TTCATTGGAAAGAAATTCTCTGACCCGGAGCTTCAGTCTGACTTGCAGTTATTTCCTTTT
S1_16140450845197415365E−42TGCTAATCAAAACTGATGCCTCTGCAGGGACCAAGTTGATCATTGAAAGAATCAGGGATT[A/C]TCACTTTCTATCACCTGTAGAGTACTGCATGTACATAAGTCACCATGAAAAGCACCGGGC
S1_8674974555207842761E−48CCCTTCTGATATTTGCTTGGAGTTGAGATGTCTGTTGAACTTTAGCTGGAAATTTTACAG[T/C]CAACTCTATGAATTGTGTTTTCTGATTCATACGCACATTTGTGATTTTGTGCCTGCAGAG
S1_34943069755228887698E−52TCCATCCTGGGAAGCACTGGCAATGGTTGATTTCGGTAGGCCAAGATTTGGAGCCCAAGC[G/A]ACATCTCTAACCCAATCGGAATGCATCTGCAGGGCAGGAAAGCAGTCCATTTTCCAGCTC
S3_4335309655240483518E−52TGATGGGGGGAAATAACCCAAACTGGTGGAGTTCTATCAGCAACATGAAGCCAACTGCAG[G/C]AGATGAAACCTCTCTTCTTTATCCTTTTCCATCTTCTTCACCTCTCTTCCATCACTACTC
S1_5106066635261801541E−42GAAGGAAGGCAGCAGCCTTTCAAACCTGCAGATGAAGTCGCCACGTCTTTTGAAAATTGC[A/T]AACCCAGCCAATTTTGCAGCTGCTAGTTTATAGGTAATGATAGATAGTTATCTAGGCTAT
S1_12639604855274055314E−49CAACTCTGTCGTAGGAAAAGAAACTGACCCGTCCATGATCAACAAAACAGAATTTTAGAG[G/A]AATGCCAAGGCACTTCTTCTCAAGGTTTTCTAATTCTGTTCTTGAGGGTGGCTTGTCTCT
S1_18952341735307658364E−49TTTAAAGCTTGTGACAGCGAGTTTGAAGACCTCTGCTGCAGGCATGCATCCAGCTTGCGC[A/G]GCAGGAACAGCTACACCGGCTGTTACTGCCGTGGCGCTTTCACTCAGTGGACTGAAAACA
S1_21069051055315779242E−53ATCACCTGTCATTCTTAGCATACGCTGACAGCATCCAGCAATAAGCCATGATGCTGGGCA[A/T]GATTCCCAAGGACTGGATCGCTTGAAACTGCTCTTTACTCTCATCTACAAGCCCTGCAGA
S1_19916493656102953141E−37ATTATTATTATTATTATTTCTTCTTCTGCAGTAACGGGTCACATTGCTTGGAAGAAGTTG[T/C]TGGAGCTTGAAACGCAAATAATGATACGAACACAGCCTCAGCAATGCACGATTACTCGCT
S1_28221158856179254272E−40CACTTTGCACAATTATCTGCTGTAGAATGTTCTATTTGTTAAACCTGCAGATTAGGAAAT[C/T]CTAAATTCTATCTGCTGTTATGAAGTCCTGGTAGTATGTACAAGCAGGTTGATTATACAT
S1_11600691746218459528E−52TTGTCAAGGAACGATCCCTTCACCTCCTCGGAGAAGAATCGCCCGAACACACGAGAGATG[G/C]ATATGGCCGGAACCTGCAGAGGAGAAAGCGAAGCCCTAACCCTGAGGTGCTTCAGCACAG
S1_4576196356270835041E−50TTTTATCATGAACCGATCATCCTGAGACAGGTAGAAGAAGCTCCCACTCTTCCCAGGGGA[G/A]GATAATTCCCTCAAAGCATCACTTCCACAGATCGTCAACATATAATCTGCAGCATCAACC
S1_28956329736312107602E−53AATGAACCATATCATAATCAACTAGATGTGAAAAAAGAATATTTGCACAACTGCAGGTGG[A/G]CAGGAAACCAAGGGGCTAAATAGACACACCTCATGACCTAGTTTCACACCCATCTCCTGT
S1_21028474256320224121E−50AAAAGACCCAAGGAAATGACACAGCAGAACCATTGTCCCATTGGACATTTTCAACTACAT[T/G]CAAACTGCAGCATAAAAACCAAGATTTATATCACATATCCACACTAGTTCAATGAAACAA
S1_244041680578912694E−49ATCAAAACATCGCTCTCTGCAGCCAAATCACAGACGTTAGAGAAATATTTATAGGCGAGT[G/A]ATGGCCTTGTTGTTCTAGAATGGTACAAGATTGTGCAGCCAAAGGCTTCGAGTCGTTTTG
S4_18312473731807485E−48GACAAACCAGAAATCTTTCCTTTCCATTAAGGAAGCAAATCCACCAAGGAGAACTGCAGT[T/A]GCCCAAATGAATCCGAGGGCTCCCAAACCACTGGCTGCCTTTTCAAGGATTGCCAAGCGA
S1_15652085947103671438E−52TCTTTTACTGATATAAAGAGACTACCAGAATCCATTTGTATGTTGGTTAATCTGCAGACA[C/T]TGAAACTCTATTGTTGTTATAAACTTTCCGAGCTTCCCAAGAGCATAACATACATGAACA
S1_10990704337156589662E−53AGGAGAAAAAATTCATGTGATGTCCTCCATATCTCAGCCTCGTCTCGGGTGGTCAAATGA[A/G]ACTGCAGCAAGTATTGGGACAATTGCAAGAATAGACATGGATGGCACTCTCAATGTGAGT
S1_36583370537175410181E−50ACACATCTTCACCATTCAATCACTTTCATCCAACTGCAGCAACGTCTCAACAAGATCTCC[C/A]TGAGCTAGGTATCATCAATTTTCTACAAGCAATCTGCATTGGAAAGTGATCATGGACCGA
S1_21537597857178282474E−49TGCTGTGCTCACGCCGATGGATACTGTGAAGCAGCGGCTGCAGCTTGAGAGTAGTCCGTA[C/T]AGAGGGGTGGGTGATTGTGTGAGGAGAGTGATGAGGGAAGAGGGGGTGCGTGCGTTTTAT
S1_59569605819908615E−35AGATAAGCACTTTGTATCTTGCTATTTTTGTTGCTCTTTATTATTGATGTGCAACAATGT[C/T]CCCAACAACCACACACACACACACACACACAATTTTGTATTTTTATGTTAGCTACTTCAT
S1_1428325465840730064E−49AACTAACATGAATTTTGGCTCAATGATATAAGATTAACAACAAAAACGTTTTTGCTGCAG[G/A]GTTCTTGAACAAGTTTGATGAAATCACAAAATGGATATTGAAAGTTTGTAAGAATGTTAT
S1_1029269383857718933E−50AATCTTTGATGACAAAGCTGCAGCTTCTTTTCATGCAAAACAATAAAAAGTATACCGGAT[C/T]TGATGTGATATGGGATGATCAGATCACTATACTGAAAATGAAACCTGTGCCAGCTTCTCT
S1_292313275864768741E−48TCCAGCAAATAGGTGGGGAACATCATACAACGGGCACGGAATGTTCATCGAAAATGCACC[C/T]GCTAACATCGTGGCCAAAGCTATGGAAAACATTGCAATAGAAAGTATAACCTGCAGCTGA
S3_546784635877484034E−56TCAAGAGCTTCAAGAAGAGGAAAGAAGGATAATAAGTGAAATATCAGAGTTAGAGTGTGG[G/A]AGACCTGCAGAAGAACAAAGAGTTTGTGTTACTGAAATGATGGATTGTGTTATTGATCCA
S1_2082368892894792074E−49AGGAAGGAAAGAGAAAGAAGTTTCTGCTGCAGTCTCAGCCCCTTCTTCGAATTCTTCTTG[T/C]AGTTTATCAACAATCACTCAATCATACGGTGACAATGCCACTCTTCAAATAACTCAGCAT
S1_16935649558121331648E−52ATACAGAAATTATCAGTGTAATATATTACAGAAGTAGAATGCTTCATCACCAGAATCTGA[T/A]TTTATATGAAAACACACTGACCTCTTGATGAAGAATTAGGCAAAACAGGGAGTCTGCAGA
S3_3530977058193525212E−47CATTTCCAAATTTCAGAAAATAAATCGGTTTCCATAAGATTTGAGGTACAAATAGTTTCC[A/G]CAAAGGAGGTTTATCTGATACAACACTGCAGCTTGAATATGGTAAATAACTAGTCTCACA
S1_23541964848231252225E−48GAACTTCAGAAATTGTTATACGCTGCAGATTGCCCAAAATGAAGCATTCATTAGACATAA[C/T]TGATCCCATAAATCAGCCCAGCTTCTTTTATGTTGTACATAAAAGTTCAATTAGCAAGAT
S2_3087542638275547861E−43TTCATGTTTGGAAGATCTAATGTCAATTTAGATGTCATATGGTTTAGTTTTGTATTAGTA[C/G]TTTATGTTGTATTATTCCAATATAATCCAATATCATATCTGCAATTCTGCAGCAGGTCTT
S1_712852614910393962E−53AGAGAATGTCCGGATAAATCCTCAGAGAAGACTCCACCTTCGCAAGGTGCCCAGCTCGCA[C/A]GGCCATGAAGAACTCGAGCTCTGTGGGGTTACGGCTGCAGCTCAGGCCATGCCCCATCTT
S1_3524133904931687742E−53CTTTCTTGGCAAACAGTTCTGCAGTAGATTTGAAGTCAGCTTCTTCTACAAGTCTACCAA[A/G]AGAGGATTCCAAGTCAGTGAATGGATATGATCAATTTGCATGACTGCTTGAAAAGTCGGG
S1_584542135935709702E−53TGTCCTGTGGCCTCATCGAGGAGCCATTTCTCTAGCATTGATAGAGGAGGGTTGTTATGG[C/T]TCTCAACTCTCTCCTTCCCTTCAGAATCACCATTGAAGATTGCTGATTCTGCAGATGATT
S2_98561105950660641E−50TGGAAAATTAGGTATCCCAGTTACCATGGAAATCGCTAGTGATCTGCTTGATAGGCAAGG[T/C]CCAATTTACAGAGAGGATACTGCCGTGTTCGTTAGCCAATCTGGAGAAACTGCAGATACC
S1_1574480065977731682E−46TTTAACTTTTGAAAGGCTGCAGGGTATGAAATCACAGGCCCCGAGCCTGCTAATGTAGAT[C/T]ATGGTGAAGAAGCTGCATCTGAGGATGAAGAGGAATCTTATGATGGACATGATGCAGATG
S3_1469996059147713431E−43AACTAAAAGCAAACCAAAAATAAATTCCTCTGCCGTTAAATAACCTGCAGAAAAAAATAG[C/A]GAAATGTGACAAGGAGAATATTTACATACCTTCGCCTCCATGACACTTCTTTCAGAGTTC
S2_5884316059178553775E−54CAATTCATTTCAGGCATAATGTTATCAAGTAATGCATATTCTACCAGAAATGAACTTTAT[G/A]TGGAACATCATTCTTGACATTTGAAGAACTGCAGTTGATTACAAGTGAATTGCTTATAAC
S1_10850561059231383421E−48GGAAAATATCCAAAAAGCAATAAAAGCTGCAATGGACGCAGCCAATGCCGCTGTTTCACA[A/G]TCGAAGGCATTCTGCCTAAGCCGCGTCGATGTGGGTCTAGACACCACTGCAGTTCGAGAA
S1_964091364102736969E−45TGAAGTTTGATGATTCAATTTACCAATGATTTTCATGCACAGGAGTATATCTGAGAATAA[C/T]GAGCAAAATGATGCAGAGGTTACTTCAGCAAGAAATGCTGCAGAGAAGGATGTGACCAAG
S1_7590747951012959798E−52AATGTCTTGACAGAAGCCATGAAAAAGCTCCACAAAATAAGTCCAAATTGAGATTGGAGA[G/A]CATACTCTCCACTGCAGCAAGTCTGTACCCTGTCTATGTGACTGCTGGAGGGGCTCTTGC
S3_1791182031022207488E−39AGTAGTTTCTGAACTGGTACTTTGATCAATACCTGCAGAGTTAGTAGCAGTAGCAATAAG[C/T]GAGGAGACCTCAATATCTTGCACATGATCACTCACCGAAAATGGAACATTATCAGCATGA
S1_28203203741050023517E−40GATTTACAGGACAATTACATTTCAGATTTCCATAATGATGGTAACTACAAGAATATTATT[C/A]TGTAAGCACCATGATACTTGTATCCATTACATGCATTGAATCAAAAGAACTGCAGTTTTA
S2_6696933321059768182E−52TTTAACTGTATTGGCAGTGTCTGCAGACAGAGCTACGTCTAGCAAAGTGAGCAACTCATC[A/G]TCTGAAACAACTCCAATCTGTAAAACAGAGCAAGTCACAGAAAATTTATACCAAGATAAG
S2_53836832310104774615E−48GAACACTTTCCTGGATTGAAAATTATTTCTGCTGCAGATCATCGTTTCTTTGGCACCACA[C/A]CCTTTTTCTAATAAAATATTCTTGAGCTCTTTCTCATCTTTGAGATGTGAAACATCTAAC
S1_21668183410160386852E−53AGCTGCAGAAATTACATCAAGGATGGATCTCAGAGCTTCCAACCTGCATAACATCTCATC[G/A]ATTGCAATGTCATCAACTGGAAGGTGCCCTATGATCCCTGCCACGGTTGATCTCTCCTCT
S1_33379015251126227594E−56TGCTTTGAAAGGCCAGCATGATCTTTTTTCTATTTTGTGTTCTTGCAATGAGTTCTGTCT[A/T]ACATTGCTGATTTTTGTTCTTGTGCAGTCTGCAGTAGATTTTGATGATAAAACCAGTTGG
S1_238131512211144474261E−43AAATATCGAGATGAATTTCTGGGAACAAGCCTGCAGTTAGTTTGAGGATGTGTTTGGAAT[A/T]AGTGATCAAATGGCATTTGAGAAGCATAGTATGTAATTTTTCCGTAAAAAATGATCAAGA
S1_38918393312171622452E−46AATCCCATCAAATTTGTCTTTCAAATTTCTGAATTTTTTCCCCTATCCCAAAAAATTCAG[C/G]CCATCAAGAAAATATGAGGCAAAGCATAAAACTGCAGCATAATCTCTATTAGATCTCATC
S1_102041015412243273643E−45GCAGTATACAACTTCATTACCATGTTAGACCAGCAAATCTCAGTCTGATTTCTTCCTAGC[T/C]AACACACACACACACACACACAAAAGAAAACTTCAATCTCTGTTTGTTTTCTGAGTGCAT
S1_6546084941318247001E−42GCATCTGCTAGTTCAAAATAAAAGGCAAGCATGGTATCACTAATACTGCAGAAAAATGAT[A/G]GTGCATAAATATCTAATGGGAAATGATGCAGCGAAGATCAATAACTTAGAATGAAATTCA
S2_2369500051382529858E−52TACATCTGGGGGACTGCAGAGCTTTGAGCATCCACTGAACCTGGTGAAACCAGTGCCCAG[G/A]GTTGACAGCAAAGGGCAAGTATGTGGTGCCAATTTCAAAGTTGATGCCCAAGCTAAGAAG
S1_279910017513273130512E−53GGCAGCTTCCAGGGCTCGGGAGCTACCAAGATGGAGTTTGCTATCCACGGATTTGTTCCA[C/T]GAATCTGTAGCTCCATCGTATACCCTGAGCCTGCAGCCGTCTCTGCAGTCCAGAGCATAA
S1_29752925831439332027E−46CTTATCTATGGCCAGGTTCATCAACATATAAGGCTTCAATGGTCTCAAATTTCATCGGTG[A/C]TGCTTCTGCTGTGTGTACTTTTACTTGTCACTTACGCCAAAGTAACTGCAGCCTGCAGGT
S1_252699764514123911824E−49ACTACTGAATAAATGGAATCAACTTTATTTGCTGCAGTTGGACTAGCCTAAGAGGAACTA[A/T]GTGGCTTTGGAAGAGTGTTGATACTTGGGATTTTATATCAATGTGTGAAAATCAGTGACT
S1_64347285514128687621E−50GGATCAAAGTTCTCAGAGATTATTGATTTTGAGAAGTCAAGATATGCATCAAATCCGTGG[T/G]TGATCTCTACTGCAGCATTTACCATCCCTTTCATGTCAATTGACCAGAGAGGTGTCAGAT
S1_108652759414137368213E−45GAGGTAATCTGTGACTTGTCCATATTACTGCAGAACAGCAATTTATTGCTGATCTTGGAC[T/C]ACTGATATCCAGCTTTCCCCAGATTATGTCATATTGCACCCAGCAAACCAGTACAATTTA
S2_680748785153206196E−47CACCACCATCACATCCGCACCATTGTTGTCCACCTTTGAACCCAGTGTGCCTGAGAAGGA[C/T]ACCTGCAACATATCCGGTGATGACTTCTGGAAAGTTGCCTGCAGGGCAGATTAATAAAAT
S2_1503134941527548883E−50TAAGAGAAAAATAGCTTACATTATCTGTGTCGACCTCTGATATAATCTCTTTGATTGTAG[T/C]GGCATCGCCCATTCCGTATTTCTCCATGGCTGATTCCAACTCATCTCTTGTGATATAGCT
S1_36116869751531992452E−54ATTACTAAGATGCAATTTATAAACATATCTGCAGTTCATTGCTCTTGAAATCTCTGCACA[A/G]GCAGAAGAAGTTGAGATTTCCGTAAAAAAGCCTGAAAATGGTGGTAGTGCTTCAGAAGAG
S1_4281202451534562808E−52GAACATTTTATAGTACCTCAAGGGGAGTGCCTTTACTGTCAAGAGGAAGGGGAACACCAA[C/T]TCCGCATCCTCTCGGAAATCTGAAGCAGCTAGGCCTGTCATCAATGGCTGCTGCAGTAGC
S1_3191752351538396792E−54TTTACATCTATTGAACTCTCTGCAGGTTGAATCTGAAATATTTTGCTTGCATGGTGGTTT[G/A]TCCCCTTCTATTGAGACCCTTGATAACATACGCAATTTTGATCGTGTTCAAGAGGTTCCT
S1_1606447951551737491E−50GCTCAGAAGAGCTCCATATGTAAGTTGGTTCTGGACTACCTCCGGGAGACTATTGAAGTA[A/T]CTCTCTGCAGCATCTACCCCCTTGACTTTGGATATAAGATCTATTCGTATTGCATGGGTC
S1_11614862941566428278E−52GCAGGAATACAAGAGTATTGCCAGAATGAGGCTGGTACATATTAGCCAATCTCCGAATCC[A/G]AGTCATTTTACAGTTCTTGTACGTTCAATTCCAAAATCACCTGAGGAATCATACAGTGAT
S1_35969299541583576844E−49GTGGCTGTCTAATTTGCAGTACTGCAGAAGTAAATATGAAAAAACATGAAATGATAATCA[C/T]AATTCATTGACTAACCTGTGCAGATCTAGAATAGTAGATGTAGGAGCGATTCACTTCATC
S1_29018171441595667252E−54TCCTCGTATGGGGCCCAAGAGGGAACTCAAGTTTGCTCTGGAATCCTTTTGGGATGGGAA[G/A]AGCAGTGCTGAAGATCTGCAGAAGGTTGCTGCAGATCTCAGGTCTTCCATTTGGAAGCAA
S1_28232303241649302224E−49ACTTGGGATTGTGATGATCAGTGTGTCACTATTTTGTGCTTATGTCCTTTGTCAAAGAAA[C/T]CGTAATAGTTCTGATTCAAAAACAAATCAAACTGCAGGTATTGCTTTCATTTGGATTTGA
S1_26291442041681842854E−49AGCAGCACTGTCAGCAAGAAAACTATAAACCTGCAGACGAGAATATAACTAACATCACCA[T/A]GAGACTTCAAAACAACAATTTTAGTCAACAAGGTTCAAGAAAACAGAACAAGACCTTGCA
S2_63978772516140796872E−53AAATACTGGTCATAAATATTAGATCACACATATGTGCCAGTGTGGTCAACAGATAATGCG[C/T]TGCTGCAGTAAAAGAAAGAACTTCAGCAGTGTGGCTAACAGACCTATTGTAACACTAGCA
S2_42975314516190997445E−54CTGGGCCACGAGGGGAGGGCTGGTGAAAACTGACTGGAATAAAGCTCCCTTCACAGCCTC[G/A]TACCGAAACTTCACTGCTGATGCTTGTGTTTGGTCATCTGGCGCCTCAAGCTGCAGATCA
S1_349651036416222298155E−54GCTTTGGAAGATAAAATTCAATCGAAAGTCAGAAGAAGCAAGCAAATTACACAATTCGTC[T/A]GCTGCAGTTCGTCCTCTAGTTCATCCACAGGCCCTTGGATATGACAACTCCCTTCCAGGA
S1_131821504417111484746E−41ATCACTAGTACAATGCAACATGACAAAACCTGAAGTGCTATACAAGTGACTGCTTATTTC[A/G]AACAGGACAAATCTGAAGCATAGCTTGTAATACTTCTGCAGAAAAATAATGGCAAAGTTT
S1_305511589517130653525E−48TGATGTGTAGATATGAGTGGAACTGATTTTTATAACTTTATTACAAAGCATTATTTTTTA[T/G]CCATCTAATGTTCTGCAGATTAGGTGGATGCATTTTTTTTAATAATTTTTTTAGCAATTT
S1_162377692417142568632E−53ACAGAAGAGAAAGCTTGATGAGATGTATGATCAGTTGAGAAATGAGTATGAGTCAGTGAA[G/A]CGATCAGCTATACAACCTGCAGGCAACTTCTTCCAAAGAGCTGACCCAGACTTGTTTTCA
S1_7095019517184816103E−44CACGGGTGAGCCATCAGTAGTACCTGATGCCAATGTTGAAACCATCGAATTCCCTTTCAC[C/T]GACTGCAGGTATACGACCTATAGAAAGGTTGCGGAATTAGTGACTACTTTTTTTTTTTGT
S1_164752250517191972581E−50CGTTCAACAGCAAACTGCAGAGAACATCAATCAGATGATCGGAGCGAGCTCATCAGCAGA[T/G]AAAGCAATTGATGATTGTGTTTCAGGTTTTGATCCAAGCATCAGTGAGGACCTGTTCCAG
S1_10443041441870276016E−47GGTACACACTGCAGACCTGGAGTCTTTGTTCCCTCTTATAACATGAGAGCTTGTTCTTCT[T/G]GTCATATACTTGCTGAAGCTTTTGCAACTCTTTTTACATCTGAAGCCAATTTCTTTACCC
S2_23048737418149029768E−52TGATTATGCTCGCCATTTCTTGTCCTGCTGCAGTAGAATGCTTGGCCTGTCTTATGAATC[C/A]AAGAGAGGCTACATTGGTTTGGAGTACTATGGCAGGACAGTGAGCATCAAGATTTTGCCT
S1_259660238318186093908E−52TTGTAGGCATCAATCTCCAAGAAATCATTATCTATTTGATGGTGTAAGTTCTTGTTGAGG[C/T]TGATAACTGCTGCAGCCTTCTCTTAGTTGAAGCATAACCTTTTTTTCTATTTTCCCTTTT
S1_170367846518214990708E−52CCATGTCTCGGCCTGCAAACATTGGATACCAAGAATTATAAGAAATGGAAGTGAACGGAT[G/A]CGATGGTGAAAACATTTCAGTACCTGAAACTCTGCAGTAAGCACTCTTCTGAATGAGTTC
S1_3115651851917872832E−53AGGACGTCCACACTTGATAGTGTTTCCATTTGCATCATGTTCATTCCACATGAATGCCTC[T/C]GGAGACATGTAGTTCAGTGTGCCAACCTGCAGTTTAGTAACATGAAATGACATACTACAA
S4_176610151929123182E−41TTCAGATGGATCAGTCGTAGATTGAGCTTTGAATCTCTGAACAAGGAGCATGACGCATAG[G/T]AAGCGGAAGCAGGAACAGGAGAAGGGAAACATGATCTGCAGCTGCAGCACCATCATAAGA
S1_13038668551938587722E−54AGAGTTGATTATAATTTTATGATCACATAATAATTGAACAAAAACTGCAGAAACAATACC[A/G]GCTAAGTCATTCAGCACCAAATTATTTAGAGGTAAGTTTTGATTACCTTCAACTTTCAAG
S1_6687838841946626246E−47AATTGTGACATCAGCAGCAATAAAATTTTTGAAAAACCACCGCCCAAAAAATTTATCAAA[A/G]AAAATTATCACTGTCTTGTGTCAAACATCATCACCAACTCCAAACCCATACTGCAGAAAA
S1_4817020641980291413E−50ATTATACAAACTGACAAACGTATTCTATATCAAAATTGAATTACAGGAGAGATTGGTAGG[A/T]CGTAAAGATCCAAACATAGAAATCAAGATGTTAGAAGGATATGATAGAAACAACTGCAGA
S1_8505439341995042851E−50CACATCTGTTTTCTTCCTTGAGATTTCTACAATACAACCTGAGAAGTTCTGCCAAAAATT[G/A]TCTCTTTGCGGGGTAAAATATTTTTCTCTCCATAGGAGTGACAACAATATCTGCAGGCTT
S1_164282875207251848E−52CAACGTACTGCAGACCCTGTCAAAATGCCATGAATAGGTTATTATAGTTATGAACATCTC[G/A]TCAAACAAAGATTTGCAACCAATGGTATGAGCATTCAGATTTCAAGACTGTCCAAAAAAC
S1_4348833952029041171E−50GACAAAGTCATCAAGTAATTGCCTTCTCATGACAGATAAATCTGACTGCAGGGATGTGCC[G/A]AGCTTATAAGGCCAATTAGACAGCATAAAACAAATAGAAATGCTGGTCATTGAGACAATG
S1_11429597742067744931E−48GCTTGGCATGTTTATGATGAGTATTCCTTTTGATAGCAGTAAAAATAGTACTTATTGGCT[A/G]ACTTGAAAGATCTAGAAGATTGGTTGGACTGCAGTTATATTTTTCTCTAGCTCAGCTAGG
S1_3097650932085003272E−54ATTGTTTGGCTCCATCAATATAGGAAGATATCTAAGGAGTTACTGACTTGTAATATGGAA[C/T]CATAACTGACAATATAGCTTCAACATGATGTACTTACTTCGTGAATGCCTGCAGAGGAGG
S5_1738465352087426111E−36TTAACCATTAAAATTTATTTACAATGTAAAATTTCCACAGAGAGTAGGTTCTGTAATCTC[C/A]GATTTTCTTCGACAAAATCAGCGGATTCATTCTTTATTCTGTTTATTGTGCTCTGCAGCT
S1_16007324542095148251E−42TTCCGCCTGATGCTTTAACATATAAAAAGCTGCAGATGCAGAAACTAAATATCTGACATG[A/G]TCAATAGTTAGATTATGACTTTCAGCTTGTAGATTACCAATTACCAGACCACCATAAAGC
S2_4663347632098080731E−50AGATCATGTCGTGAAAATACCTTCAGATCCTTCTCCTCCTCCCCCGTTTCCCTCGCGTCC[T/A]CCAAATTCGCCTTTCCTTCCTCCACCACCTCCGCCTCCGCCTATGATGAGCAGCAGTGGA
S1_23156309652099445704E−49GTTGAGTTTCAGAGTTTCTGCAGCTCCCTTTGCAGTAGTTAGGCAGTAACCCATCACCTG[A/G]AAAGCATATCGGTTTCGATACTGTATGAACTTCCACAAGAACAGCCCTGCCATTGCTCCA
S1_60794376520105235637E−46TTCAATACTTGTTGTCATTATAACATCAGAGATTGCAATTCCTTCATGATGCCACTGCAG[G/C]ATCCCCATATGGACAGCTGGTTTCAGTTGTCATTATCCTATTGCACTCAAATCTTGAAAT
S1_1996664495212404744E−49AGTTCCACTCATAAAACCAGTTCTCTACCCAAGCGGTAGCACGAATTCCTCAACAAAATT[A/G]TAGAATTTCCACTTTGTTCTCCGGAAGCATTGCCATTGGTGGTGCTGCAGTTACTCCATA
S1_2570007062219285272E−54TACAAAATGAGATGGTTCACAAGCTGAAGAACAAACCTCATCTGCAGTAAAAAGAAGAAC[A/G]TCACTGTGCCTCAAAAAAAGTTCAAGAGCTCTCTGTTGTTGAGGCAGCCCAAGCAAAAGA
S1_17109032352121042971E−50CGAGGGAAGGAGAATGTGGAGCTACTGATTGCAGATATACTTATTGGTTCAGCAGACTAC[G/A]TCCATCATGACCCCTATAATACATTGTTCTGCAGGCAATATCAGTGTTCTTCCTAGGACC
S1_2566325832127723818E−33TGTGAAAATTTGGCTGTTTTGCTGCAGTTTCATCATATTGCAAACTAATATTATAAACTC[A/T]AAAAGTTTTGTCCACTATAGAACTAGTGTCAGCATCAATTTCCAATATTAGCCAGGCTAA
S1_37115962042139322491E−50GTCTGCAGGGGAGGTCAAACTCGAGCAGGTTTCGCATCAATGAGTGTAGCACCTTTATCA[C/T]CAGCATTTATTCCGGCTGCTGCCGCCACCACTCATGTTGGACTGCATCCAACAATCCTGA
  3 in total

1.  Genetic control of flowering in greater yam (Dioscorea alata L.).

Authors:  Fabien Cormier; Guillaume Martin; Hélène Vignes; Laurie Lachman; Denis Cornet; Yoana Faure; Erick Maledon; Pierre Mournet; Gemma Arnau; Hâna Chaïr
Journal:  BMC Plant Biol       Date:  2021-04-01       Impact factor: 4.215

2.  Diversity of Water Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) Accessions from Côte d'Ivoire Based on SNP Markers and Agronomic Traits.

Authors:  Lassana Bakayoko; Désiré N'Da Pokou; Abou Bakari Kouassi; Paterne A Agre; Amani Michel Kouakou; Konan Evrard Brice Dibi; Boni Nzue; Jean M Mondo; Patrick Adebola; Oluyemi T Akintayo; Asrat Asfaw; Assanvo Simon Pierre N'Guetta
Journal:  Plants (Basel)       Date:  2021-11-24

3.  Genetic diversity and population structure of black cottonwood (Populus deltoides) revealed using simple sequence repeat markers.

Authors:  Cun Chen; Yanguang Chu; Changjun Ding; Xiaohua Su; Qinjun Huang
Journal:  BMC Genet       Date:  2020-01-06       Impact factor: 2.797

  3 in total

北京卡尤迪生物科技股份有限公司 © 2022-2023.