Mapping precipitation-corrected NDVI trends across Namibia.

Savannas comprise a major component of the Earth system and contribute ecosystem services and functions essential to human livelihoods. Monitoring spatial and temporal trends in savanna vegetation and understanding change drivers is therefore crucial. Widespread greening has been identified across southern Africa; yet its drivers and manifestations on the ground remain ambiguous. This study removes the effects of precipitation on an NDVI time-series, thereby identifying trends not driven by rainfall. It utilizes the significant correlation between vegetation and precipitation as captured using MODIS and rainfall estimates. A linear regression between variables was used to derive its residual (corrected) time-series, and the rate and spatial extent of trends were evaluated in relation to biomes. A random sample-based qualitative interpretation of high spatial resolution imagery was then used to evaluate the nature of the trend on the ground. 23.25% of the country, including all biomes exhibited positive trends. We propose that greening may be related to a reduction in woody species richness, loss of the large trees and a shift towards drought tolerant shrub species, as has been shown in other sub-Saharan environments. 3.23% of the country exhibited negative trends, which were mostly associated with more humid (forested) regions pointing to deforestation as a cause; these manifested as vegetation clearing, identifiable using high resolution multi-temporal imagery. Greening trends could not be identified using this approach; instead, they point to the occurrence of gradual vegetation change caused by indirect drivers.