Omavi Bailey1,2, Daniel Combs1,2,3, Maria Sans-Fuentes1, Cody M Havens1,4,5, Michael A Grandner1,6, Chithra Poongkunran1,2, Sarah Patel1,2, Sarah Berryhill1, Natalie Provencio1, Stuart F Quan7,8, Sairam Parthasarathy1,2,8. 1. UAHS Center for Sleep and Circadian Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 2. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 4. Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. 5. Virginia Institute of Psychiatric, Behavioral, and Statistical Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. 6. Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson. 7. Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 8. Asthma and Airways Disorders Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Studies have shown racial differences in circadian rhythm in African Americans when compared to non-Hispanic whites, and an association between circadian dyssynchrony and depression. We hypothesized that the prevalence of delayed sleep time is greater in African Americans when compared to whites and that delayed sleep time is associated with depression. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS), a large community-based sample. Delayed sleep time was defined as self-reported weeknight bedtime after midnight. Depression was defined based on participant's response to the question, "In the past 4 weeks have you felt downhearted and blue?" or reported antidepressant use. We performed multivariate linear and logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking, apnea-hypopnea index, alcohol use, and caffeine consumption. RESULTS: Adjusted weekday bedtime was 15 ± 7 minutes later in African Americans compared to whites (P < .001). Similarly, weekend bedtime was 18 ± 7 minutes later in African Americans compared to whites (P = .025). The prevalence of delayed sleep time was greater in African Americans (33.3%) compared to whites (18.7%; P < .001). After adjusting for confounders, when compared to whites, a greater proportion of African Americans had delayed sleep time (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.03; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.5, 2.4; P < .0001). Depression was independently associated with delayed sleep time after adjustment (aOR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1, 1.7; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: African Americans are more likely to have a delayed sleep time compared to whites, and delayed sleep time was independently associated with depression.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Studies have shown racial differences in circadian rhythm in African Americans when compared to non-Hispanic whites, and an association between circadian dyssynchrony and depression. We hypothesized that the prevalence of delayed sleep time is greater in African Americans when compared to whites and that delayed sleep time is associated with depression. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS), a large community-based sample. Delayed sleep time was defined as self-reported weeknight bedtime after midnight. Depression was defined based on participant's response to the question, "In the past 4 weeks have you felt downhearted and blue?" or reported antidepressant use. We performed multivariate linear and logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking, apnea-hypopnea index, alcohol use, and caffeine consumption. RESULTS: Adjusted weekday bedtime was 15 ± 7 minutes later in African Americans compared to whites (P < .001). Similarly, weekend bedtime was 18 ± 7 minutes later in African Americans compared to whites (P = .025). The prevalence of delayed sleep time was greater in African Americans (33.3%) compared to whites (18.7%; P < .001). After adjusting for confounders, when compared to whites, a greater proportion of African Americans had delayed sleep time (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.03; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.5, 2.4; P < .0001). Depression was independently associated with delayed sleep time after adjustment (aOR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1, 1.7; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: African Americans are more likely to have a delayed sleep time compared to whites, and delayed sleep time was independently associated with depression.
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