Honorio Torres-Aguilar1, Sorely A Sosa-Luis2, Sergio R Aguilar-Ruiz3. 1. Clinical Research Department of Chemical Sciences Faculty, Universidad Autónoma 'Benito Juárez' de Oaxaca, Oaxaca City. 2. Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City. 3. Molecular Immunology Research of Medicine and Surgery Faculty, Universidad Autónoma 'Benito Juárez' de Oaxaca, Oaxaca City, Mexico.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The innate immune response (IIR) has to be immediate facing pathogens, and effective to induce a long-lasting adaptive immunity and immune memory. In genetically susceptible individuals, beyond a first defense, a chronically activated by infections IIR may represent a trigger for the onset or flares in systemic autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the recent scientific literature in this regard and highlights the key issues needing investigation. RECENT FINDINGS: Thanks to its high specificity mediated by pattern recognition receptors, the IIR is not called unspecific anymore. The discovery of these increasingly accurate recognizing molecular mechanisms has also evidenced their involvement in breaking self-immune tolerance and to maintain chronic inflammation in autoimmune responses. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS) as the main source of antinuclear antibodies; the 'neutrophils-pDC activation loop' theory; and the Th1/Th2/Th17 misbalances induced by microbial products because of chronically activated innate immune cells, are some of the recent uncovered IIR origins involved in infectious-induced systemic autoimmune diseases. SUMMARY: A deeper understanding of the genetic predisposition and the pathogen-derived factors responsible to exacerbate the IIR might potentially provide therapeutic targets to counteract flares in systemic autoimmune diseases. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The innate immune response (IIR) has to be immediate facing pathogens, and effective to induce a long-lasting adaptive immunity and immune memory. In genetically susceptible individuals, beyond a first defense, a chronically activated by infections IIR may represent a trigger for the onset or flares in systemic autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the recent scientific literature in this regard and highlights the key issues needing investigation. RECENT FINDINGS: Thanks to its high specificity mediated by pattern recognition receptors, the IIR is not called unspecific anymore. The discovery of these increasingly accurate recognizing molecular mechanisms has also evidenced their involvement in breaking self-immune tolerance and to maintain chronic inflammation in autoimmune responses. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS) as the main source of antinuclear antibodies; the 'neutrophils-pDC activation loop' theory; and the Th1/Th2/Th17 misbalances induced by microbial products because of chronically activated innate immune cells, are some of the recent uncovered IIR origins involved in infectious-induced systemic autoimmune diseases. SUMMARY: A deeper understanding of the genetic predisposition and the pathogen-derived factors responsible to exacerbate the IIR might potentially provide therapeutic targets to counteract flares in systemic autoimmune diseases. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Authors: Sorely Adelina Sosa-Luis; William de Jesús Ríos-Ríos; Ángeles Esmeralda Gómez-Bustamante; María de Los Ángeles Romero-Tlalolini; Sergio Roberto Aguilar-Ruiz; Rafael Baltierez-Hoyos; Honorio Torres-Aguilar Journal: Immunol Res Date: 2021-05-08 Impact factor: 2.829
Authors: Abdulla Watad; Gabriele De Marco; Hussein Mahajna; Amit Druyan; Mailam Eltity; Nizar Hijazi; Amir Haddad; Muna Elias; Devy Zisman; Mohammad E Naffaa; Michal Brodavka; Yael Cohen; Arsalan Abu-Much; Muhanad Abu Elhija; Charlie Bridgewood; Pnina Langevitz; Joanna McLorinan; Nicola Luigi Bragazzi; Helena Marzo-Ortega; Merav Lidar; Cassandra Calabrese; Leonard Calabrese; Edward Vital; Yehuda Shoenfeld; Howard Amital; Dennis McGonagle Journal: Vaccines (Basel) Date: 2021-04-29
Authors: Erin Janssen; Zachary Peters; Mohammed F Alosaimi; Emma Smith; Elena Milin; Kelsey Stafstrom; Jacqueline G Wallace; Craig D Platt; Janet Chou; Yasmeen S El Ansari; Tariq Al Farsi; Najim Ameziane; Ruslan Al-Ali; Maria Calvo; Maria Eugenia Rocha; Peter Bauer; Nouriya Abbas Al-Sannaa; Nashat Faud Al Sukaiti; Abdullah A Alangari; Aida M Bertoli-Avella; Raif S Geha Journal: J Clin Invest Date: 2022-10-17 Impact factor: 19.456