Autoimmunity in microbiome-mediated diseases and novel therapeutic approaches.

The microbiome mediates constant bidirectional communication with the host immune system in a delicate balance of inducing pathogenic infection or residing in the human body in a commensal state. Dysbiosis is a hallmark of several autoimmune and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Various pathways involved in microbiome-induced autoimmunity are activated when a genetic defect or microbial trigger is found in the inflammasome, neutrophil extracellular trap, or receptors for microbial sensitization in the innate immune system or when similar defects are present in T or B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system. Regulating autoimmunity through microbiome modulation may be highly effective as a therapeutic intervention.