Different Evolutionary Trajectories of Two Insect-Specific Paralogous Proteins Involved in Stabilizing Muscle Myofibrils.

Alp/Enigma family members have a unique PDZ domain followed by zero to four LIM domains, and are essential for myofibril assembly across all species analyzed so far. Drosophila melanogaster has three Alp/Enigma family members, Zasp52, Zasp66, and Zasp67. Ortholog search and phylogenetic tree analysis suggest that Zasp genes have a common ancestor, and that Zasp66 and Zasp67 arose by duplication in insects. While Zasp66 has a conserved domain structure across orthologs, Zasp67 domains and lengths are highly variable. In flies, Zasp67 appears to be expressed only in indirect flight muscles, where it colocalizes with Zasp52 at Z-discs. We generated a CRISPR null mutant of Zasp67, which is viable but flightless. We can rescue all phenotypes by re-expressing a Zasp67 transgene at endogenous levels. Zasp67 mutants show extended and broken Z-discs in adult flies, indicating that the protein helps stabilize the highly regular myofibrils of indirect flight muscles. In contrast, a Zasp66 CRISPR null mutant has limited viability, but only mild indirect flight muscle defects illustrating the diverging evolutionary paths these two paralogous genes have taken since they arose by duplication.