The impact of keratoconus treatment with the Athens Protocol (partial topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy combined with higher-fluence corneal collagen cross-linking) on quality of life: a long-term study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) before and after the management of keratoconus (KCN) with Combined Topography-Guided Transepithelial partial photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and corneal Cross-Linking: the Athens Protocol. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-four consecutive patients treated for progressive KCN were selected for retrospective telephone interview and individual questionnaire submission. A disease-specific HRQoL questionnaire was administered before and after the Athens Protocol intervention, using the following administrative questionnaires: National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ) 25/39 and IVI-28. The disease grade was ranked according to the Amsler-Krumeich classification (KCN severity). Reliability of collected data was evaluated with Cronbach's α test.
RESULTS: Patients' age ranged from 15 to 51 years at the time of the operation. Mean time before the operation during which the questionnaires were administered was 52±6 months. General visual acuity, psychological well-being, and driving ability showed significant improvement. Younger keratoconic patients tend to have more enhanced psychological status and to cope better with difficulties in everyday activities (prior to operation) than older patients.
CONCLUSION: The Athens Protocol treatment has been proven to be beneficial to patients in a large number of aspects.

Introduction

The concept of quality of life (QoL), which seems to have recently gained increasing popularity, is not new. Aristotle was the first among those who defined various such concepts and tried to connect them to values of life, such as prosperity and a general notion of “well-being”. QoL research interest in social sciences and psychology re-emerged in the 1940s. After the economic boom that followed the war and the progress of medicine in the 1960s, the concept of prosperity and the need for a better QoL, and not just an extension of the life cycle, became the center of interest.1 Today, QoL may be defined as a multidimensional assessment of the current living conditions of the individual within the culture and value framework in which he/she lives.2 Furthermore, it is a set of general well-being measures that combines the objective indicators and subjective assessments of natural, physical, social, and emotional well-being taking into consideration the extent of personal growth and meaningful activities.3

Health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) reflects the difference between patients’ expectations and the existing state of their health, which may undergo changes, in line with the progression of their disease.4 States often consider HR-QoL data when deciding on the allocation of limited financial resources for health.5 HR-QoL is evaluated from data derived mainly from weighted questionnaires. The questions may have only one answer or a certain range and may involve either one or more aspects of health status (multidimensional).6

Individual questionnaire completion can be achieved electronically, via mail or phone interview, or by presenting the questionnaire directly to the respondent.7 Although the postage-mail method can cover large geographical areas, it assures enough time for completion and comes with a minimum cost; however, it has the lowest responsiveness compared to other methods.8 The electronic individual filling (interview via computer) method is objective, has access to a large population, and provides an automated flow of questions; however, it requires some degree of computer literacy and obviously access to the Internet. HR-QoL evaluation questionnaires must satisfy certain criteria to provide clinically useful results, such as validity (content, criterion, and construct), reliability, sensitivity, and responsiveness.9

At the time of this study, there was no similar questionnaire for keratoconus (KCN).10 The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ) was originally developed for the evaluation of QoL in relation to vision diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, but has also been used for assessing the KCN effect on vision-specific QoL (the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus [CLEK] study).11 The Impact of Vision Impairment (IVI) questionnaire, which aims to assess the restriction of participation in daily living as well as the effectiveness of rehabilitation outcomes in low vision, has also been used by other research groups on KCN in the peer-review literature: Gothwal et al12 employed the IVI questionnaire and few years later Khadka et al13 employed the Keratoconus Outcomes Research (KOR) questionnaire for the assessment of KCN only; Labiris et al14 employed the VFQ questionnaire for the assessment of KCN and a combined laser–corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) treatment. However, QoL is not the same as Quality of Vision (QoV). The NEI-VFQ has been used to assess visual functioning, which is only one domain in the assessment of QoL. Our study links the Athens Protocol intervention to improvements in the QoL. More extensive studies may be helpful in offering quantitative data on QoV-and QoL-specific improvements.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the self-reported improvement of HR-QoL in the KCN patients treated with CXL and specifically the Athens Protocol procedure.

Patients and methods

The survey was conducted in Laservision Clinical and Research Eye Institute, Athens, Greece. Patients were a consecutive case series and had been previously subjected to the Athens Protocol procedure for the management of KCN to either eye. A minimum sample size of 34 patients was established based on the estimates of type I error α =0.05. Twenty of the patients (58.8%) underwent bilateral Athens Protocol procedure and the rest (41.2%) underwent unilateral. In the latter situation, the treated eye was based on the predicted QoL improvement; it could be either the dominant or the non-dominant one. Two VFQs were employed as follows: the NEI VFQ 25 and 39,15,16 for which an official Greek version is available (freely available from the RAND Organization),17,18 and the Impact of Vision Impairment IVI-28,19,20 which required translation. Permission to translate the IVI into Greek language was obtained from their authors, along with license to use it for this purpose. The IVI questionnaire has been designed by the Centre for Ophthalmic Research Australia (CERA) to assess the restriction of participation in daily living as well as the effectiveness of rehabilitation outcomes in low vision, unlike most vision-specific questionnaires that typically assess visual functioning. IVI’s raw scores were converted into Rasch person measures following the developers’ instructions.21 The scores from the questionnaires were measured on a scale from 0 to 100, where 100 determines the optimum level of QoL in relation to vision.

Patients initially completed all questionnaires onsite during the pre-operative screening, whereas the post-operative version was filled via phone interview, by the author himself, at 4 years following the procedure.

The study received approval by the ethics committee of our Institution (Laservision Clinical and Research Eye Institute) and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, which includes the ethical principles of medical research for the protection of personal data of the participants. Informed consent was provided and documented in a written form from each patient prior to the time of the observation.

Inclusion criteria included the following: diagnosis of progressive KCN, documentation after a complete ophthalmological examination, and subsequent treatment with the Athens Protocol procedure.

All patients studied were established as contact lens intolerant with rigid gas permeable contacts and some had experience with soft contact lenses in previous evaluations. All patients evaluated and treated had been wearing spectacles and prior to considering surgery were given updated refractions and had been made to wear new updated spectacles. Post-operatively all patients were evaluated with either no spectacles, with appropriate spectacles if needed, and with soft contact lenses to those who preferred them to spectacles.

KCN severity prior to the operation was established through information collected from patient files, according to the Amsler–Krumeich classification.22 The eyes were classified into two categories according to their pre-operative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) with Snellen charts, which were converted to a logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) for statistical analysis. These two categories were created to distinguish, especially in cases of bilateral KCN, the eyes with the worst visual acuity. In cases of unilateral KCN, the keratoconic eye was the one with the worst visual acuity. Age was an additional parameter evaluated by Spearman testing (parameters did not follow normal distribution). Gender, level of education, and use of spectacles or contact lenses were also evaluated, by median value comparison (with the null hypothesis that they do not affect the values of the questionnaires), considering their possible influence on the responses derived. The questionnaire reliability was tested with the Shapiro–Wilk W test and Cronbach’s α criterion (to check normality of data). Data were then evaluated with non-parametric analysis.

The extent to which scores were influenced by the descriptive elements of the sample (such as age, gender, and level of education) pre- and post-operatively was then evaluated. The difference in the response scores (postoperative to pre-operative) in each question was considered. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 22 (IBM Corporation., Armonk, NY, USA). p-values less than 0.05 were indicative of statistically significant differences.

Results

Descriptive statistics of sample population

A total of 34 patients (25 males, 9 females) participated in this study. Patient age ranged from 15 to 51 years at the time of the operation (mean =29.5 years) (Table 1). Most of the patients had bilateral surgery: 54 of the 59 keratoconic eyes were subjected to the Athens Protocol. Post-operative QOL assessment and questionnaires were completed at 4 years following the procedure.

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of sample population

	Pre-operative	Post-operative
Gender,a n (%)
Male	25 (73.5)
Female	9 (26.5)
Educational level,a n (%)
Secondary	11 (32.4)
Higher	23 (67.6)
Visual acuityb (mean±SD)
Higher	0.49±0.9 logMAR	0.07±0.09 logMAR
Lowest	1.05±1.15 logMAR	0.16±0.12 logMAR
Keratoconus staging,c n (%)
1	9 (26.5)
2	13 (38.2)
3	12 (35.3)
Spectacles/contact lens use,d n (%)
None	17 (50)	19 (55.9)
At least one eye	5 (14.7)	4 (11.7)
Both eyes	12 (35.3)	11 (32.4)

Notes:

Gender and educational level same for pre- and post-operative.

Visual acuity refers to corrected distance visual acuity.

Keratoconus staging, as determined prior to the operation.

Refers to post-operative.

Normality check

Normality of the data (reply scores) was tested by using the Shapiro–Wilk W test (Table 2). Most scores do not follow the normal distribution (p<0.05). Pre-operatively, the scores of distant vision activities, mental health, and driving ability have a normal distribution in VFQ 25, whereas in VFQ 39 (Table 2A), we identified only numerical changes in distant vision activities and mental health scores. Differences in the statistical significance between the two VFQ NEI questionnaires for general vision status were noted.

Table 2

Normality check results (Shapiro–Wilk W test) for NEI VFQ 25 and 39 and IVI-28

	Pre-operative					Post-operative
	W stat	p		W stat	p	W stat	p		W stat	p
	NEI VFQ 25			NEI VFQ 39		NEI VFQ 25			NEI VFQ 39
(A) NEI VFQ 25 and 39
General health status	0.858		0.001	0.933	0.039	0.862		0.001	0.925	0.022
General vision status	0.867		0.010	0.969	0.434	0.689		0.001	0.869	0.001
Ophthalmic pain	0.897		0.004	0.897	0.004	0.787		0.001	0.787	0.001
Near vision activities	0.924		0.021	0.838	0.002	0.807		0.001	0.718	0.001
Distant vision activities	0.971		0.483	0.958	0.208	0.796		0.001	0.813	0.001
Social functionality	0.764		0.001	0.753	0.001	0.621		0.001	0.613	0.001
Mental health	0.941		0.066	0.945	0.086	0.770		0.001	0.775	0.001
Difficulties in activities	0.902		0.005	0.911	0.009	0.653		0.001	0.675	0.001
Dependence	0.790		0.001	0.781	0.001	0.474		0.001	0.465	0.001
Driving	0.953		0.291	0.953	0.291	0.759		0.001	0.759	0.001
Color vision	0.172		0.001	0.172	0.001	0.172		0.001	0.172	0.001
Peripheral vision	0.773		0.001	0.773	0.001	0.624		0.001	0.624	0.001
(B) IVI-28
Mobility and independence	72.47±15.49			0.951	0.145	84.35±15.36			0.925	0.121
Emotional well-being	63.71±12.60			0.942	0.078	81.57±14.43			0.890	0.016
Reading and information awareness	59.93±8.54			0.866	0.001	76.37±9.34			0.877	0.001

Abbreviations: NEI, National Eye Institute; VFQ, Visual Function Questionnaire.

The IVI-28 scores (Table 2B) differ considerably as to their statistical significance. Mobility and independence both before and after surgery have a normal distribution, as opposed to reading and information awareness that maintained the same statistically significant value. The scale of emotional well-being has normal distribution only post-operatively.

Non-parametric median comparisons

Since most scores did not satisfy the conditions of normality, all the following comparisons are non-parametric. Therefore, we evaluate median differences (MDs) before and after surgery. The results are summarized in Table 3A–C.

Table 3

Difference in median of responses post- to pre-operatively

	Pre-operative		Post-operative			95% CI		p-valueb
	Median	IQR	Median	IQR	MDa	Lower	Upper
(A) NEI VFQ 25
General health status	75.00	50.00	75.00	50.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.705
General vision status	60.00	20.00	80.00	0.00	30.00	20.00	30.00	0.000
Ophthalmic pain	75.00	37.50	93.75	25.00	18.75	12.50	22.50	0.000
Near vision activities	75.00	18.75	91.67	16.67	16.67	12.50	20.88	0.000
Distant vision activities	66.67	27.08	91.67	16.67	20.88	16.67	25.00	0.000
Social functionality	87.50	15.63	100.00	12.50	6.25	0.00	12.50	0.000
Mental health	62.50	31.25	87.50	14.06	21.88	15.63	28.13	0.000
Difficulties in activities	68.75	62.50	100.00	15.63	18.75	12.50	31.25	0.000
Dependence	91.67	27.08	100.00	0.00	8.33	4.17	16.67	0.000
Driving	66.67	29.17	91.67	12.50	25.00	16.67	29.17	0.000
Color vision	100.00	0.00	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.000
Peripheral vision	100.00	50.00	100.00	50.00	12.50	0.00	25.00	0.002
(B) VFQ 39
General health status	77.50	−16.25	82.50	−25.00	0.00	0.00	2.50	0.091
General vision status	52.50	−21.25	80.00	−10.00	27.50	22.50	32.50	0.000
Ophthalmic pain	75.00	−37.50	93.75	−25.00	18.75	12.50	25.00	0.000
Near vision activities	79.17	−21.88	91.66	−10.83	14.58	10.42	18.75	0.000
Distant vision activities	70.42	−20.83	91.67	−12.50	20.88	16.25	24.17	0.000
Social functionality	91.67	−18.75	100.00	−8.33	4.17	4.17	8.33	0.000
Mental health	65.00	−35.00	90.00	−16.25	22.50	15.00	30.00	0.000
Difficulties in activities	81.25	−31.25	100.00	−12.50	18.75	12.50	25.00	0.000
Dependence	93.75	−20.31	100.00	0.00	6.25	3.13	12.50	0.000
Driving	66.67	−29.17	91.67	−12.50	25.00	16.67	29.17	0.000
Color vision	100.00	0.00	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.000
Peripheral vision	100.00	−50.00	100.00	−50.00	12.50	0.00	25.00	0.002
(C) IVI-28
Mobility and independence	72.65	24.60	87.18	18.15	18.65	14.00	23.56	0.000
Emotional well-being	63.67	15.44	79.26	22.47	20.60	15.12	26.76	0.000
Reading and information awareness	61.81	6.49	76.99	14.32	17.30	14.55	19.79	0.000

Notes:

Estimator Hodges–Lehmann for MD.

p-values derived from the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. MD is defined as a median score post-operative – Median Score Preoperative.

Abbreviations: MD, median difference; NEI, National Eye Institute; VFQ, Visual Function Questionnaire.

General health and color vision MDs did not show statistical significance, that is, they do not appear to be affected by KCN management. For social functionality and peripheral vision, although they appear to have a Wilcoxon statistically significant difference, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator reveals zero value at the lower limit of the CI and thus non-statistical significance, which refutes the previous audit and reveals that there is no difference in median scores before and after surgery. All other scores indicate a clear difference before and after surgery. Similar results are noted for VFQ 39. Wilcoxon p-value for general health is smaller, but this time, the MD shows no statistical significance. All IVI-28 scores show statistical significance. The Hodges–Lehmann estimator verifies the conclusion of the previous check, as long as there is no zero value in CI.

Non-parametric checks for correlations on descriptive score elements

Age appears to have no correlation with the variables associated with the replies in either questionnaire (Table 4A and B). Gender affects pre-operative mental health scores (p=0.033), whereas there is no post-operative association. The level of education does not appear to affect pre-operative scores but appears to affect distant vision activities (p=0.045 for VFQ 25 and p=0.028 for VFQ 39). No association was noted for the IVI-28. Visual acuity does not appear to affect pre-operative scores in any questionnaire. Post-operatively, there is a positive correlation of visual acuity with mental health score (Spearman’s ρ=0.055 and p=0.012). In VFQ 39, visual acuity correlated with general vision status (ρ =0.563 and p=0.012), near vision activities (ρ=0.467 and p=0.038), and mental health (ρ =0.509 and p=0.022). The scores of the IVI 28 questionnaire did not show any correlation with visual acuity. Disease progression (KCN severity) involves only pre-operative data and there is positive correlation of this with the VFQ 25 and 39 questionnaires (p=0.01 and p=0.01, respectively). The IVI-28 is influenced by the stage of the disease on the “Reading and Information Awareness” (p=0.049). The use of spectacle and/or contact lens involves the post-operative stage. Results showed that the scores are not affected by the patients’ use of any means of refractive correction in any questionnaire.

Table 4

Correlation analysis of age with NEI VFQ 25 and 39 and IVI-28 scores

	Pre-operative				Post-operative
	ρ	p-value	ρ	p-value	ρ	p-value	ρ	p-value
	NEI VFQ 25		NEI VFQ 39		NEI VFQ 25		NEI VFQ 39
(A) NEI VFQ 25 and 39 scores
General health status	−0.199	0.260	−0.180	0.310	−0.116	0.514	−0.102	0.566
General vision status	−0.113	0.526	−0.068	0.700	0.220	0.211	0.144	0.416
Ophthalmic pain	−0.301	0.083	−0.301	0.083	−0.270	0.122	−0.270	0.122
Near vision activities	−0.161	0.364	−0.132	0.456	0.079	0.656	0.033	0.854
Distant vision activities	−0.149	0.401	−0.130	0.463	−0.190	0.283	−0.182	0.303
Social functionality	−0.263	0.133	−0.287	0.100	0.004	0.980	−0.019	0.916
Mental health	−0.397*	0.020	−0.354*	0.040	−0.197	0.265	−0.206	0.244
Difficulties in activities	−0.389*	0.023	−0.503**	0.002	−0.214	0.223	−0.173	0.327
Dependence	−0.093	0.602	−0.094	0.599	−0.005	0.979	−0.007	0.969
Driving	−0.260	0.210	−0.260	0.210	−0.272	0.189	−0.272	0.189
Color vision	0.088	0.633	0.088	0.633	0.117	0.524	0.117	0.524
Peripheral vision	−0.203	0.257	−0.203	0.257	−0.107	0.553	−0.107	0.553
(B) IVI-28 scores
Mobility and independence	−0.070		0.701		−0.030		0.867
Emotional well-being	−0.267		0.134		−0.332		0.099
Reading and information awareness	−0.335		0.057		−0.064		0.788

Notes: ρ = Spearman coefficient of correlation; p = Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.

Statistically significant for 0.05 (two-tailed).

Statistically significant for 0.01 (two-tailed).

Abbreviations: NEI, National Eye Institute; VFQ, Visual Function Questionnaire.

Non-parametric checks for correlations on descriptive elements of the post- to pre-operative differences in scores

There is no statistically significant correlation with age in most cases. Age does not show any correlation with the scores of IVI-28. Positive correlations are noted only from the VFQ 39 as follows:

Difficulties in activities and age: correlation coefficient (Spearman) ρ =0.433 (p=0.011) pre-operatively and ρ =0.449 (p=0.008) post-operatively.

Social functionality and age: correlation coefficient (Spearman) ρ =0.338 (p=0.05).

Level of education, spectacle and/or contact lens use, visual acuity, and disease progression do not show any statistically significant correlation with age.

Cronbach’s coefficient

As shown in Table 5A, the Cronbach’s coefficient (α) results for VFQ 25 correspond to all parameters but General Health, General Vision, Color Vision, and Peripheral vision, due to their being composed of only one question, as well as the last two scores of VFQ 39 (Table 5B). The coefficient is considered excellent when α ≥0.95, very good if α ≥0.8, and satisfactory if α ≥0.7. The minimum acceptable value is α ≥0.6.

Table 5

Cronbach’s index results

		Pre-operative	Post-operative
	Na	α	α
(A) Cronbach’s index for NEI VFQ 25 pre- and post-operative
Ophthalmic pain	2	0.600	0.345
Near vision activities	3	0.680	0.715
Distant vision activities	3	0.589	0.679
Social functionality	2	−0.040	−0.360
Mental health	4	0.600	0.798
Difficulties in activities	2	0.889	0.925
Dependence	3	0.551	0.746
Driving	3	0.824	0.809
(B) Cronbach’s index for NEI VFQ 39 pre- and post-operative
General health status	2	0.636	0.584
General vision status	2	0.851	0.741
Ophthalmic pain	2	0.600	0.345
Near vision activities	6	0.783	0.807
Distant vision activities	6	0.737	0.798
Social functionality	3	0.469	0.144
Mental health	5	0.727	0.847
Difficulties in activities	4	0.831	0.913
Dependence	4	0.531	0.720
Driving	3	0.824	0.809
(C) Cronbach’s index for IVI-28 scores pre- and post-operative
Mobility and independence	11	0.843	0.897
Emotional well-being	8	0.847	0.930
Reading and information awareness	9	0.859	0.815

Note:

N = number of questions within each group.

Abbreviations: NEI, National Eye Institute; VFQ, Visual Function Questionnaire.

In VFQ 25, pre-operatively the scores of distant vision activities and dependence has unacceptable values and hence are not considered a reliable indicator of QoL evaluation. Post-operatively, the Cronbach’s index has satisfactory values in most scores. Reliability issues may exist in the ophthalmic pain score, which was reduced to α =0.345 post-operatively. The score of social functionality takes negative value, due to the negative covariance mean value, and violates the reliability hypothesis.

VFQ 39 demonstrates better reliability. Specifically, the negative value of the coefficient for the social functionality score is eliminated, but still has a non-acceptable value. Pre-operatively, the index for dependency is marginally non-acceptable, whereas the remaining eight sets of scores are reliable for data evaluation. Post-operatively, there are negative index values, which in general health score moves to borderline non-acceptable value, whereas in the ophthalmic pain score is well below the minimum acceptable threshold.

The IVI questionnaire demonstrated very high-reliability coefficient both before and after surgery (Table 5C). However, it should be noted that the large number of questions within each group contributes to the increased coefficient values.

Discussion

KCN is an idiopathic degenerative eye disease characterized by localized thinning and conical protrusion of the cornea. Progressive, asymmetrical corneal steepening associated with an increase in myopic and astigmatic refractive errors, combined with midperipheral and/or peripheral corneal thinning represent some of the findings associated with this ectatic corneal disorder. It affects young individuals and progression occurs until 30–40 years of age.23

KCN is currently managed using a number of methods. In early stages, spectacles or soft contact lenses can correct refractive errors sufficiently. As the disease progresses, these methods become unsuitable for correcting the high levels of irregularity associated with KCN. For advanced stages of KCN, rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses have become the most common and successful method of management providing improved visual acuity while decreasing the need for surgical interventions. In the case of RGP intolerance, or in advancing keratectasia progression, a penetrating keratoplasty (PK) is used to replace the entire cornea with healthy donor tissue.24 However, previous research has shown that despite satisfactory results on visual outcome measures obtained after PK, vision-related QoL in KCN patients remains impaired.25,26 Furthermore, intracorneal ring segment (ICRS) implantation is a surgical option to treat KCN, which avoids corneal graft and which showed that visual QoL remained good over 1 year post-operatively.27

In recent years, the combination of CXL with excimer laser partial photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), known today as the Athens Protocol,28,29 has demonstrated potential for retarding or eliminating the progression of KCN.30–33 However, for this combined procedure, several studies have been conducted showing satisfactory clinical results without34–38 taking into consideration the QoL change and response shift of patients. Bearing in mind the aforementioned data, for the purpose of the current study, the NEI VFQ and the IVI questionnaire were used.

The results of this study, derived from non-parametric tests, indicate a clear improvement in QoL following the Athens Protocol procedure. It is notable that post-operatively not only all the scores show statistical significance but also the values of p are identical, except those of general health and overall vision. In NEI VFQ 25/39, all scores show remarkable improvement, other than those of general health and color vision, which do not affect the QoL in patients with KCN. The scores of the general vision, mental health, and driving ability showed the greatest improvement, whereas the scores of distant and near vision activities, the difficulties of the activity, and the ophthalmic pain showed measurable improvement. The importance of mental health is confirmed by the results of the IVI-28 questionnaire in which the score of emotional wellness represents the greatest improvement, as compared to the level of mobility and independence and the scores of reading and information awareness. Mental health pre-operatively is also significantly affected by gender based on the NEI VFQ 25. In addition to this, Fink et al38 reported that gender differences exist in patient history, vision, and ocular symptoms in KCN patients.

The VFQ 25/39 results appear to be influenced by age. Younger age patients tend to be more positive about their state of mental health and difficulties in their activities prior to the operation. Although this finding is not supported by the existing literature, it could be attributed to the stage of the disease, which is usually early or mild compared to older age patients. Also, as implied by the investigation, the resulting difference between the post-operative and pre-operative status of patients on the scale of “difficulty activities” and “social functionality” of NEI VFQ 39 is partly due to age. The fact that higher age of respondents results in greater score difference is perhaps due to the stage of the disease. However, it should again be noted that due to the originality of research, there are no such references, and therefore this specific hypothesis is based on individual clinical data.

This study is subject to several limitations. First, an obvious limitation of our study is the fact that we included some cases where both eyes were treated and some cases where just one eye was treated. Although the majority of cases were binocular treatments, we should note here that all treatments were performed on patients who were contact lens intolerant and showed significant visual debilitation. Thus, on this ground, we can consider that either treating one eye or treating both eyes was a measure taken to improve the visual function and the QoL of these patients, and thus with this token they should be viewed as similar interventions. Second, perhaps more recent questionnaires could be more accurate. Finally, some people tend to accommodate to their health stage; QoL, therefore, may show some improvement through time even without intervention. Our data therefore should be viewed with this possible consideration in mind as well.

Conclusion

The findings of this study indicate a clear subjectively assessed improvement in QoL in keratoconic patients subjected to the Athens Protocol procedure. This positive change stems from the improvement of all their interdependent clinical and psychological features. Reducing irregular astigmatism, increasing visual acuity, and inhibiting the progression of KCN demonstrate significant improvement in activities requiring distant vision and near vision, such as driving ability, reading, and receiving information. The IVI-28 questionnaire proved reliable for the purposes of this research, although reliability issues arose mainly for social functioning score of NEI VFQ.