Sheung-Tak Cheng1,2, Phoon Ping Chen3, Yu Fat Chow4, Joanne W Y Chung1, Alexander C B Law5, Jenny S W Lee6, Edward M F Leung7, Cindy W C Tam8. 1. Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong. 2. Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK. 3. Department of Anaesthesiology & Operating Services, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Tai Po, Hong Kong. 4. Department of Anaesthesiology & Operating Theatre Services, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong. 5. Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong. 6. Department of Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Tai Po, Hong Kong. 7. Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong. 8. Department of Psychiatry, North District Hospital, Hong Kong.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The 22-item Chronic Pain Self-efficacy Scale (CPSS) measures three domains of pain self-efficacy: pain management, physical functioning, and coping with symptoms. This study aims to develop a short form (CPSS-SF) that retains the multidimensional structure of the instrument. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Six hundred sixty-four community-dwelling Chinese older adults aged 60-95 years with chronic pain completed a survey. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on the 22-item CPSS. Regression analyses were performed to examine the items' correlations with criterion variables. After CPSS-SF items were selected, the performance of CPSS-SF subscales in terms of accounting for pain-related outcomes was compared with the full version. RESULTS: CFA supported a modified 3-factor model of the CPSS. On the basis of factor loadings on the 3 dimensions and the items' correlations with pain intensity and pain disability, 11 items were selected for the CPSS-SF, which correlated at .97 with the full version. Regression analyses showed that the associations of the CPSS-SF subscales with pain intensity, pain disability, depressive symptoms, instrumental activities of daily living, and physical and mental health-related quality of life, were indistinguishable from their full-version counterparts. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The CPSS-SF is a valid instrument that can be used in lieu of the full scale. Its availability will facilitate the assessment of pain self-efficacy in research and clinical settings due to its brevity but strong psychometric properties. However, the current evidence is limited to Chinese older adults; more research is needed to ascertain its validity in other age and cultural groups.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The 22-item Chronic Pain Self-efficacy Scale (CPSS) measures three domains of pain self-efficacy: pain management, physical functioning, and coping with symptoms. This study aims to develop a short form (CPSS-SF) that retains the multidimensional structure of the instrument. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Six hundred sixty-four community-dwelling Chinese older adults aged 60-95 years with chronic pain completed a survey. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on the 22-item CPSS. Regression analyses were performed to examine the items' correlations with criterion variables. After CPSS-SF items were selected, the performance of CPSS-SF subscales in terms of accounting for pain-related outcomes was compared with the full version. RESULTS: CFA supported a modified 3-factor model of the CPSS. On the basis of factor loadings on the 3 dimensions and the items' correlations with pain intensity and pain disability, 11 items were selected for the CPSS-SF, which correlated at .97 with the full version. Regression analyses showed that the associations of the CPSS-SF subscales with pain intensity, pain disability, depressive symptoms, instrumental activities of daily living, and physical and mental health-related quality of life, were indistinguishable from their full-version counterparts. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: The CPSS-SF is a valid instrument that can be used in lieu of the full scale. Its availability will facilitate the assessment of pain self-efficacy in research and clinical settings due to its brevity but strong psychometric properties. However, the current evidence is limited to Chinese older adults; more research is needed to ascertain its validity in other age and cultural groups.