Long-term unmet needs after stroke: systematic review of evidence from survey studies.

OBJECTIVES: To synthesise evidence on longer term unmet needs perceived by stroke survivors, and psychometric properties of the tools used to evaluate unmet care needs after stroke.
DESIGN: Systematic review.
SETTING: Community or patients' home. PARTICIPANTS: Stroke survivors.
METHODS: We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE from inception to 31 March 2018 to identify survey studies that evaluated unmet needs perceived by stroke survivors after hospital discharge. Reported unmet needs were categorised under three domains: body functioning, activity/participation and environmental factors. Ranges of prevalence rates of unmet needs reported in studies were presented.
RESULTS: We included 19 eligible studies, with considerable heterogeneity in patients, survey methods and results. Psychometric properties of two stroke-specific tools were formally evaluated, indicating their moderate reliability and content/concurrent validity. The median number of reported unmet needs per stroke survivor was from two to five, and the proportion of stroke survivors with at least one unmet needs was on average 73.8% (range 19.8%- 91.7%). Unmet needs perceived by stroke survivors included 55 records of unmet body functioning needs, 47 records of unmet activities/participatory needs and 101 records of unmet environmental needs. Common unmet service needs were unmet information needs (3.1%- 65.0%), transport (5.4%-53.0%), home help/personal care (4.7%-39.3%) and therapy (2.0%-35.7%).
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of unmet long-term needs is high among stroke survivors, and there is considerable heterogeneity in type and frequency of specific unmet needs. More research is required to link regular assessment of long-term unmet needs of stroke survivors with the provision of cost-effective patient-centred health and social care services. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

For patient-centred health and social care, it is important to understand specific needs perceived by stroke survivors.

This is the first systematic review attempt to synthesis evidence from survey studies of long-term unmet needs perceived by stroke survivors, and to examine psychometric properties of relevant assessment tools.

Due to considerable heterogeneity, formal meta-analysis could not be conducted.

Focused on ‘unmet needs’ and excluded studies that assessed needs after stroke but did not explicitly report results regarding ‘unmet needs’.

Considered unmet needs perceived by stroke survivors only, and excluded studies on unmet needs of informal carers.

Introduction

As one of the leading causes of mortality and disability globally, the fatal mortality of patients with acute stroke has been reduced in many countries, and increasingly more stroke survivors are living with disability after discharge from hospital.1 There are numerous tools for assessing clinical outcomes after stroke, such as the Stroke Impact Scale, the Frenchay Activities Index, Homesat and so on.2 For patient-centred health and social care, it is important to understand specific needs perceived by stroke survivors.2 3 However, needs after stroke may be defined differently, and it is often difficult to distinguish needs and other related factors such as patient satisfaction, preferences, health-related quality of life, disability severity, physical and psychological functions.4 One practical approach is to define needs as ‘the capacity to benefit from healthcare’,5 which has been criticised for being too restrictive without considering other types of genuine health needs.4 Long-term needs of stroke survivors include needs for healthcare services, and needs for social care and other supports.3 In addition, needs perceived by patients with stroke may be different from those perceived by healthcare professionals or caregivers.

To inform the provision of health and social care services, it is crucial to identify unmet needs after stroke.2 Unmet needs perceived by stroke survivors may be practically evaluated according to patients’ perception whether they have received any or sufficient help regarding a specific difficulty, or whether a problem has not been addressed at all or sufficiently.6–8 Well-conducted survey studies provide quantitative estimates of unmet needs after stroke to inform health and social care policies. Existing systematic reviews focused mainly on specific types of unmet needs or that perceived by carers.9 10 Furthermore, there was no systematic assessment of tools used to evaluate unmet needs after stroke. These systematic reviews aimed to evaluate types and rates of long-term unmet needs after stroke (LUNS) for making health and social care policies, and to understand what tools could be used for assessing long-term unmet needs. Therefore, we synthesised evidence from survey studies that evaluated long-term unmet needs perceived by stroke survivors, and examined psychometric properties of the tools for assessing unmet care needs of postacute stroke survivors.

Methods

The review protocol is available from online supplementary appendix 1. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram to summarise the process of study identification and inclusion.11

Search strategy and selection criteria

We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE databases from inception to identify relevant studies published in the English language. Key terms for literature search included: ‘need’ or ‘needs’, ‘stroke’, ‘survivor’ and ‘rehabilitation’ (see search strategies in online supplementary appendix 1). The search of electronic databases was conducted on 31 March 2018. In addition, references of retrieved studies and review articles were also examined to identify relevant studies.

We included studies that met all of the following criteria: (1) reported unmet needs perceived by stroke survivors after discharge from hospital; (2) used a questionnaire or survey instrument to gather information, although studies with mixed design (both quantitative and qualitative) were included if the survey results were reported and (3) published in the English language. A study was excluded if it met any of the following exclusion criteria: (1) did not focus on stroke survivors or only considered unmet needs of carers; (2) evaluated unmet needs only before hospital discharge; (3) evaluated quality of life, patient satisfaction, or physical functions or disability, but not ‘unmet needs’ perceived by stroke survivors; (4) was a qualitative study, without quantitative component or (5) published in languages other than English.

Titles and abstracts of records identified by searching electronic databased were initially assessed for eligibility by two independent reviewers. The full-text articles of potentially eligible studies were collected, and examined for inclusion or exclusion by two independent reviewers. Disagreements between the reviewers were resolved by consensus.

Data extraction, quality assessment and evidence synthesis

Using a pilot-tested data extraction form (online supplementary appendix 1), we gathered the following information from included studies: characteristics of stroke survivors, psychometric properties of tools used, definition of unmet needs, unmet needs perceived by stroke survivors and factors associated with perceived unmet needs. Data from multiple publications of the same study were extracted to a single data extraction form and considered together as a single study.

We assessed quality of studies based on a checklist developed by Bennett et al 12 (online supplementary appendix 1). The quality assessment comprised items regarding psychometric properties of survey instruments used, sample selection and response rate.

We summarised information extracted from included studies in tables, and narratively described the main characteristics, methodological quality and study results. Reported unmet needs were categorised under three meta-themes: body functional needs, activity/participatory needs and environmental needs,9 according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for Stroke framework.13 Proportions with 95% CIs of unmet needs were calculated using the Freeman-Tukey transformation methods.14 The advantage of using the Freeman-Tukey transformation is to ensure that the estimated proportions and their 95% CI are never less than 0% or larger than 100%. However, quantitative meta-analyses were not conducted because of considerable heterogeneity and diversity across included studies. We reported the range of prevalence rates of a specific unmet need, where there were two or more estimates from included studies. A median of the reported rates of an unmet need was also estimated if there were three or more estimates from included studies.

Patient and public involvement

No patients and the public were involved in this systematic review.

Results

Literature search initially identified a total of 2885 records. After an assessment of titles and abstracts, we examined 99 full-text articles for eligibility, and excluded 74 articles for the following reasons: not unmet needs, qualitative research only, informal caregivers only and acute stage before hospital discharge. We eventually included a total of 25 articles, corresponding to 19 eligible studies6–8 15–30 (figure 1).

Figure 1

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram for study identification and selection.

The main characteristics of the included studies are shown in online supplementary appendix 2. Two of the included studies focused on the assessment of validity and reliability of the LUNS tool,7 30 and one study evaluated the feasibility of the Greater Manchester Stroke Assessment Tool (GMSAT) for assessing unmet needs at 6 months after hospital discharge.8 Data from 18 included studies were analysed as cross-sectional, and only one study provided results at different follow-up time points. The included studies recruited stroke survivors during 1991–2013, and the sample sizes ranged from 20 to 37 383. Mean age of stroke survivors ranged from 52 to 78 years, and the proportion of men ranged from 35% to 67%. Time since stroke or hospital discharge was from 1 month to 19 years.

Quality of included studies

Results of quality assessment of the included studies are presented in online supplementary appendix 3. Out of the 19 studies, only five published full questionnaires used, seven described the core questions and seven studies did not describe details on survey questions. Out of the 19 studies, seven did not provide any information on tools’ validity or reliability, and only five studies considered both validity and reliability. Acceptability and feasibility of the tools used were mentioned in six studies. Seven studies explicitly discussed how representative the study sample was, and only four studies considered sample size. Response rates ranged from 23% to 100%, and it was not reported in four studies.

Survey instruments used in included studies

Tools used to measure long term unmet needs of stroke survivors are summarised in online supplementary appendix 4. Three tools were developed specifically for measuring unmet needs perceived by stroke survivors: self-reported long-term needs after stroke (SRLNS),6 the LUNS,7 and GMSAT.8 In terms of domains covered, the original SRLNS tool included much fewer items regarding environmental needs,6 compared with the LUNS and the GMSAT tool. Psychometric properties of the SRLNS and the LUNS tool were formally evaluated in the included studies, indicating their moderate reliability, and content/concurrent validity. The validity and reliability of the GMSAT tool have not been formally evaluated, although it was considered to be feasible and acceptable.8 The completion time was about 6 min (range 2–12) for the LUNS tool,7 around 20 min for the SRLNS tool,24 and as long as 74 min (range 20–195) for the GMSAT tool.8 It should be noticed that time spent on a patient in the GMSAT study8 included consideration of delivering support or care services for the identified unmet needs.6 In addition to the stroke-specific tools, several studies adopted other less specific tools, including the Southampton Needs Assessment Questionnaire for people with Disability (SNAQ),19 the Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire21 and the ICF.23

Unmet needs perceived by stroke survivors

Each stroke survivor on average had two to five unmet needs, according to data from nine included studies (table 1). The proportion of stroke survivors with any unmet needs was reported in 11 included studies, with a median prevalence of 73.8% (range 19.8%–91.7%). The heterogeneity in the prevalence of unmet needs across studies was likely caused by differences in patient characteristics, tools used and definitions of unmet needs. For example, a cohort study found that the prevalence of unmet needs was higher at 6 months posthospital discharge (31.5%) than after 5 years (19.8%).17 Using the SRLNS tool, the prevalence of unmet needs was 48.9% in a study in which the unmet needs were defined as needs not met at all,6 while it was from 77.7% to 86.6% in other studies where unmet needs also included needs that were only met to some extent.24 27 29 The highest prevalence rate of unmet needs (91.7%) was found in a study that used the GMSAT tool to assess unfulfilled needs among stroke survivors at 6 months after hospital discharge and to deliver relevant care services.8 Two studies using the SNAQs tool found that 67.7% and 85.1% of younger stroke survivors (aged 21–65) had one or more unmet needs.19 20

Table 1

Estimated proportions of stroke survivors with one or more unmet needs

Study	Sample size	Age; male (%)	Time since stroke	Tool used	Definition of unmet needs	Patients with unmet needs: % (95% CI)	Number of unmet needs
Dutch-199117	382	At 6 months: median age 69 (range 20–95); male 57	6 months and 5 years after stroke	New questionnaire	Unmet care demands perceived by patients	At 6 months: 31.5 (26.9 to 36.2). At 5 years: 19.8 (14.8 to 25.2)	NA
UK-Strass-20096	799	Mean age 69 (SD 13); male: 56, respectively.	1–5 years after stroke	SRLNS (44 items)	Perceived needs not met at all	48.9 (45.5 to 52.4)	Median 3 (range 1–13)
Australia2-201029	391	Median 73 (IQR 63–81); male 67	Median 32 months (IQR 29–40)	SRLNS (30 items)	Perceived needs not met at all or only met to some extent	86.6 (83.0 to 89.9)	Median 5 (IQR 1–10)
Australia-201124	765	Median age 68 years (IQR 59–77); male: 62	Median: 2 years (IQR 2–4)	SRLNS (58 items)	Perceived needs not met at all or only met to some extent	83.7 (80.9 to 86.2)	Median 4 (IQR 1–9)
Ireland-201327	163	Mean age 61.9 (SD 13.9, range 24–89); male 59	Median 28 months (range 3 months to 19 years)	SRLNS (49 items)	Perceived needs not met at all or only met to some extent	77.7 (71.1 to 83.8)	Median 3 (IQR 1–5)
UK-YoungN-bef200219	315	Mean age 57 (range: 21–65); male 60	>1 year: median 3 years (IQR 2–3)	SNAQ (77 questions)	Any support that would help to overcome some of the effects of stroke and resulting difficulties	70.9 (65.7 to 75.8)	Median 2 (IQR 0–6)
UK-YoungV-bef200320	135	Mean age 52 (SD 9.0); male 57	Median 3 years (IQR 2–5; range 0–27)	SNAQ (77 questions)	Any support that would help to overcome some of the effects of stroke and resulting difficulties	87.5 (81.3 to 92.6)	Median 5 (IQR 2–10)
LoTS-20087	850	Median age 73 (range: 28–96); male: 54	3 or 6 months poststroke	LUNS (22 items)	Lack of or insufficient support received	85.1 (81.9 to 88.0)	Median 4 (range 0–19)
Dutch-201330	78	Mean 68.5 (SD 14.0); male: 59	5–8 years after stroke	LUNS (22 items)	Lack of or insufficient support received	67.7 (57.0 to 77.5)	Median 3.5 (IQR 2–5)
GMSAT-20108	137	Mean age 72.6 (from 40 to 93); male 55	6 months posthospital discharge	GMSAT (36 items)	Lack of or insufficient support received	91.7 (86.5 to 95.7)	Median 2 (range 0–14)
Dutch-bef200721	147	Mean age 58; male 59	3 years poststroke	IPAQ (68 items)	Lack of or insufficient support received	32.8 (25.5 to 40.5)	NA

Year of starting participant recruitment was reflected in study titles in column 1; abbreviation ‘bef’ refers ‘before’ if the exact beginning year was unclear.

GMSAT, Greater Manchester Stroke Assessment Tool; IPAQ, Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire; LUNS, longer-term unmet needs after stroke tool, NA, not available, SNAQ, Southampton Needs Assessment Questionnaire; SRLNS, self-reported long-term needs after stroke.

Results of different types of unmet needs are summarised in table 2 (see online supplementary appendix 5 for results of individual studies). Fifty-five items on unmet body functioning needs were reported in nine studies, 46 items for unmet activity/participatory needs were reported in 12 studies and 102 items about environmental needs were reported in 18 studies. Estimated prevalence of unmet needs was from 59.7% to 83.7% for body functioning, and 48.4% for activities/participation. The common unmet body functioning needs included fatigue (34.4%–75.1%), cognitive needs (22.1%–78.4%), emotional needs (3.3%–72.8%) and pain (9.1%–54.2%). In terms of activity and participation, the common unmet needs were related with secondary prevention (22.1%–70.8%), leisure/hobbies (8.3%–64.4%), mobility (6.3%–46.0%) and employment/paid work (6.9%–59.6%). For environmental needs, unmet service needs were the most commonly reported (table 2), including unmet information needs (3.1%–65.0%), transport (5.4%–53.0%), home help/personal care (4.7%–39.3%) and therapy (2.0%–35.7%). The prevalence rate was 51.9% for unmet support needs, and it was from 1.9% to 37.6% for unmet financial/benefits needs. Other common unmet environmental needs included falls (22.1%–46.0%), accessibility (11.8%–18.4%) and adaptation (0.7%–19.2%).

Table 2

Summary prevalence of specific types of unmet needs after stroke

Unmet needs category/type	Number of items	Prevalence (%): median (range, %)*
Any unmet needs	11	73.8 (19.8–91.7)
Body function needs (data from nine studies):
Any unmet body function needs	2	(59.7–83.7)
Psychosocial function	12
Psychosocial (any)	1	8.4
Emotional/mood	7	39.0 (3.3–72.8)
Anxiety/depression	2	(14.9–19.2)
Personality change	1	8.3
Sleep pattern	1	8.4
Physical function	30
Pain	7	19.4 (9.1–54.2)
Bladder/bowel—continence	6	19.3 (9.8–51.8)
Fatigue	4	47.4 (34.4–75.1)
Sight/vision	4	26.6 (6.2–64.4)
Speech	3	32.1 (27.9–58.4)
Swallowing	3	31.2 (5.4–43.7)
Arm	1	39.1
Hearing	1	6.2
Seizures	1	0.2
Cognitive function:	10
Cognition, any	1	74.6
Memory/attention/concentration	9	45.0 (22.1–78.4)
Activity or participatory needs (data from 12 studies)
Any unmet activity/participation needs	1	48.4
Healthy lifestyle	24
Diet/nutritional	6	9.3 (4.7–20.9)
Holiday	3	28.1 (12.5–37.3)
Leisure/hobbies	3	22.1 (8.3–64.4)
Reading	3	40.1 (33.9–69.3)
Intellectual fulfilment	2	(17.5–33.7)
Secondary prevention	2	(22.1–70.8)
Social life	1	15.6
Exercise	1	13.4
Alcohol	1	5.4
Smoking	1	7.6
Sexual health	1	3.3
Physical activities	14
Mobility	7	20.7 (6.3–46.0)
Daily occupation/living	5	19.3 (10.8–33.6)
Walking	1	19.6
Writing	1	48.0
Independence	6
Employment/paid work	4	17.1 (6.9–59.6)
Driving	2	(9.8–19.9)
Speech and talk	1	9.8
Environmental needs (data from 18 studies)
Support	20
Any support (domain)	1	51.9
Financial/benefits	10	17.8 (1.9–37.6)
Family support/role	3	15.2 (11.6–28.5)
Relationships	3	7.2 (4.4–11.4)
Social cultural care	2	(3.6–6.9)
Social support	1	21.4
Services	61
Postacute care	1	49.4
Information	15	22.9 (3.1–65.0)
Therapy (any)	13	13.6 (2.0–35.7)
Home help	6	14.0 (4.7–39.3)
Personal care	6	10.8 (5.1–17.4)
Transport/vehicles	4	16.5 (5.4–53.0)
Day care	2	(2.5–3.1%)
House moving	2	(7.6–10.2)
Equipment maintenance	2	(3.1–6.1)
Respite/short breaks	2	(9.0–13.5)
Wheelchair	2	(3.7–5.1)
Continence advisor	1	2.0
Social work	1	10.1
Future care arrangement	1	6.1
Mental care	1	3.7
Weight management	1	6.2
Body adaptation aids	1	1.2
Safety	11
Safety (any)	1	11.8
Falls	6	28.1 (22.1–46.0)
Medication related	4	15.2 (3.3–17.1)
Accessibility/accommodation	10
Accessibility (any)	2	(11.8–18.4)
Adaptation (any)	8	9.8 (0.7–19.2)

*Median (range) if there were three or more items (range) only if there were two studies. Unmet needs were categorised according to the method used by Krishnan et al.9

Perceived unmet needs after stroke were associated with many factors, including demographic, psychological, socioeconomic characteristics and severity of disability (online supplementary appendix 6). Studies in the UK found that younger patients (aged 18–45) had more unmet needs for intellectual fulfilment, holiday and family support, than older stroke survivors (aged 46–65).19 20 According to a cohort study, the proportion of patients with any unmet needs was 31.5% at 6 months after hospital discharge and 19.8% after 5 years.17 This cohort study also reported that many participants with unmet needs at 5 years did not report any at 6 months. Compared with patients who were discharged from hospital more recently, stroke survivors after 5 years had more unmet needs for social care support and unmet needs for holidays.20 A study reported that a higher level of education was associated with more unmet needs for information.16

Discussion

Existing evidence shows that postacute stroke survivors have a variety of unmet needs. Each stroke survivor on average had two to five unmet needs, with considerable heterogeneity in types and frequencies, depending on demographic characteristics, disability severity, years since stroke onset, health and social care services, and other environmental factors.

Except for a few studies that focused on specific types of unmet needs, most included studies considered a wide range of multidimensional unmet needs. Based on the ICF framework,13 we categorised the unmet needs after stroke into three meta-themes: body functioning, activities/participation and environmental needs.9 The included studies reported a variety of unmet needs after stroke under each of the three meta-themes, including 55 records of unmet body functioning needs in nine studies, 47 records of unmet activities/participation needs in 12 studies and 101 records of unmet environmental needs in 18 studies. Unmet body functioning needs included mainly psychosocial or cognitive problems, fatigue and pain, while unmet needs regarding activities/participation concerned mainly mobility, leisure time and employment. In terms of unmet environmental needs, the most commonly reported was the unmet needs for services, followed by support, accessibility/accommodation and safety. Specifically, unmet information needs and therapy needs were the most and second common of unmet needs for services.

The quality of the included survey studies was moderate or low in general. The included studies were generally satisfactory for reporting of study objectives, providing references of adopted tools and considering the strengths and limitations of a study. However, there were some quality problems, including insufficient information on the questionnaires used, inadequate information on psychometric properties of survey instruments, low response rates, missing data handling, unclear differences between responders and non-responders, and insufficient consideration of the sample’s representativeness. Biases may be introduced in studies with poor quality, resulting in an overestimate or underestimate of unmet needs after stroke.

The instruments used in survey studies included those developed specifically for unmet needs among stroke survivors,6–8 and generic tools for disabled patients with any health conditions. Two of the three specific tools were formally assessed regarding psychometric properties.6 7 In terms of domains covered, the original SRLNS tool6 focused mainly on body functioning, and activity/participatory needs, although a revised version used in an Australian study contained much more items relevant to unmet environmental needs (online supplementary appendix 5).24 The three tools were all feasible and acceptable by patients and their informal carers. Compared with other two specific tools, the LUNS instrument7 covered relevant domains more comprehensively, had been more appropriately assessed for validity and reliability, and needed less time to complete (online supplementary appendix 4). The LUNS tool took a median of only 6 min to complete, which is an important advantage as fatigue and poor concentration are common among stroke survivors.

Practice and policy implications

Considerable heterogeneity in results of unmet needs assessment indicated that different patients, or same patients at different stages, have different specific needs for care and services. Therefore, it is reasonable to regularly assess unmet needs after stroke for making decisions on the development and provision of health and social care services. The guideline on stroke rehabilitation by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommended that the health and social care needs of stroke survivors should be assessed at 6 months posthospital discharge and then annually thereafter.31 However, there remains very limited evidence on the clinical implementation of the assessment of LUNS. The GMSAT tool has been designed to directly address the identified unmet needs at 6 months after hospital discharge, in which 50.4% of unmet needs could be addressed by providing information/advice, 19.8% were addressed by signposting to the community services and 21.1% to general practices.8 However, limited evidence from randomised controlled trials failed to demonstrate the effects of structured assessment of longer term problems among stroke survivors at 6 months after hospital discharge.32 33 It remains unclear whether the identification of unmet needs will result in the improvement of patients’ activity, participation and quality of life.

Limitations

There are several limitations in the present systematic review. First, we focused on ‘unmet needs’ and excluded studies that assessed needs after stroke but did not explicitly report results regarding ‘unmet needs’. Second, the present systematic review included studies of stroke survivors, and excluded studies of only informal carers. Third, the included studies were from high-income developed countries, so that results may not be generalisable to low-and-middle-income countries due to different health and social care systems. Finally, the results of the included studies might be biased due to some methodological problems, such as participant recruitment and response bias. Results of different studies may not be directly comparable due to different tools used, varying domains and different definitions of unmet needs after stroke.

Further research required

This systematic review included only one study that evaluated unmet needs at different time points, so that further longitudinal studies are required to evaluate changes in unmet needs of stroke survivors over time. Because of different tools used, there was often a lack of comparability of evidence generated from different studies on the topic. Validated tools (such as SRLNS6 24 or LUNS7 30 should be used in future studies of unmet needs of postacute stroke survivors. WHO ICF framework seems the most comprehensive and promising model, which is not only useful for assessing unmet needs of stroke survivors, but also potentially helpful for the comparison of unmet needs across different conditions and for patients with multimorbidity conditions. The included studies reported a large number of poststroke unmet needs under different domains or subthemes, and further research is required to understand the complex interaction or interconnectedness of unmet needs across domains. The ultimate purpose of the unmet needs assessment is to improve patient outcomes in terms of body functioning, activities, participation and quality of life. There is very limited evidence from relevant clinical trials,32–34 and more research is required to link identified unmet needs with the development of health and social care policies and practice guidelines, and the provision of cost-effective interventions. Finally, available evidence on unmet needs after stroke was mainly from high-income countries, and more studies in low-and-middle-income countries are required to generate locally relevant evidence on multidimensional needs of stroke survivors.

Conclusions

The estimated prevalence of postacute unmet needs after stroke was high, and there was considerable heterogeneity in type and frequency of specific unmet needs. Further research is required to link regular assessment of long term unmet needs of stroke survivors with the provision of cost-effective patient-centred health and social care services.