Automated detection and removal of capillary electrophoresis artifacts due to spectral overlap.

While DNA detection using capillary electrophoresis has enabled improvements in both resolution and throughput, the use of CE - particularly with multiple dye channels - can introduce artifacts that can complicate analyses. Undetected pull-up artifacts can pose a challenge to investigators, especially in low-level samples, while partial pull-up peaks can distort peak height balance within a locus and impact the downstream likelihood ratio. Current methods for addressing pull-up are typically manually implemented. This study presents an effective alternative: a series of mathematical models, created using symbolic regression achieved through genetic programming. The models estimate the amount of pull-up expected in a peak from a true allele for a given dye-dye relationship and instrument type. This leads to the removal of artifactual pull-up peaks and peak height corrections when pull-up is present within true alleles. When models are used in conjunction with a dynamic threshold, pull-up peaks were automatically detected and removed with an accuracy rate of 96.1%. The removal of partial pull-up from true allele peaks led to a more accurate heterozygote balance for the affected locus. These models have been optimized for use with any analytical threshold and can be implemented by any lab using a 3100 or 3500 instrument series.